,9o6.] SEE— THE CAUSE OF EARTHQUAKES. 353 



§ 33. On the upbuilding of the smaller areas by gradual upheaval. 



We have already studied the process of injection from under the 

 bed of the sea and have seen that the mountains have been upheaved 

 in this way. 



This same reasoning is immediately applicable to narrow islands 

 like Japan and Java, with water on both sides. Not only have their 

 mountains been thus upraised, and the volcanoes formed in the back- 

 bones of these islands, but the whole tablelands of the islands have 

 been built up in the same way, by the gradual injection of porous 

 lava from under the bed of the sea. If the sea was originally deeper 

 on one side, it has given the backbone of the islands a somewhat 

 unsymmetrical form, the stronger injection and development coming 

 from the deeper sea, but the uplift sometimes makes a wider extent 

 of land towards the shallower water. 



This is clearly shown in the formation of numerous peninsulas, 

 as Athos, Longos, Cassandra, Pelion, Attica, Corinth, Argolis, and 

 the three peninsulas of the Peloponnesus in Greece; in Italy as a 

 whole, and especially Calabria and Sicily, the latter being a tri- 

 angular island with mountains facing the Tyrrhenian, Ionian and 

 Mediterranean Seas ; also in Scandinavia and Scotland ; in Kamt- 

 chatka, Corea and the Malay Peninsula of Asia; and many other 

 places. The same principle is beautifully shown in such islands as 

 Cyprus, Crete, Eubcea and nearly all the islands of the ^gean Sea ; 

 in numerous islands along the coast of Dalmatia; in the yEolian 

 Islands, Sardinia, Corsica, Elbe, Ischia and the island of Capri ; 

 Minorca, Majorca, Pine Islands, Isle of Wight, and numerous others 

 around Scotland and Ireland. Good illustrations in America are 

 found in the West Indies and the Catalina Islands off the Cali- 

 fornia coast; and in Asia, it is shown beautifully by the form of 

 Saghallien, the islands of Japan, Formosa, Sumatra, Java, and 

 numerous islands in the East Indies ; also in New Zealand ; and in 

 fact almost universally throughout the world. 



In the case of Italy, the Apennines are nearly in the center of the 

 country, but slightly nearer the Adriatic, which was the deeper sea, 

 and did most to elevate the peninsula. The same arrangement is 

 well illustrated in the island of Sicily, where the highest mountains 

 face the deepest seas. All of these and many other obvious illus- 



