i9o6.] SEE— THE CAUSE OF EARTHQUAKES. 299 



the Himalayas. In such of these regions as fall far within the con- 

 tinents, the volcanoes have in all cases died out for lack of water, 

 but the earthquakes still exist as a survival of former conditions. 

 This is true, for example, in the regions of Central Asia, which no 

 longer has any active volcanoes, though some were active there not 

 very long ago geologically, and thus exhibit still a fresh and even 

 sulphurous appearance. 



§ 12. The outbreak of nezv volcanoes within the historical period. 



It may be mentioned here that within historical times the follow- 

 ing new volcanoes have broken forth : 



1. Monte Nuovo, eight miles from Naples, September 28, 1538. 



2. Jorullo, in Mexico, September 29, 1759. 



3. Izalco, San Salvador, February 23, 1770, 5,000 feet high, 

 thrown up on what was formerly a cattle farm. 



4. Las Pilas, on the Plains of Leon, Nicaragua, April 11, 1850, a 

 small volcano. 



5. Ilopango, Nicaragua, January 20, 1880, a small volcano, 

 thrown up in a lake 600 feet deep. 



6. Fusiyama, Japan, 12,365 feet high, which tradition says was 

 thrown up in a single night, about 300 B. C. 



7. Tarewera, New Zealand, January 10, 1886, a mountain with a 

 flat top, which previously had given no volcanic indications. 



There are perhaps other volcanoes, some of them mentioned by 

 Strabo, which have broken forth on land ; and a good many more 

 which have been upheaved in the sea. 



Many old volcanes long extinct have burst forth into renewed 

 activity, generally with terrible violence. Any volcano may become 

 extinct or dormant, and then again break forth. In his work, on 

 *' V'olcanoes," Professor Bonney often speaks of a mountain as 

 having lost its crater; and mentions in this class Ixtaccihuatl and 

 Chimborazo; but although it is probable, it is not certain that either 

 of these has ever been active.^ Yet according to the view developed 



^ In his two ascents of Chimborazo. Whymper found lava and other 

 volcanic indications, which had escaped the notice of Humboldt and Bous- 

 singault, who did not regard the mountain as volcanic. The adjacent moun- 

 tain of Carihuairazo. said to have been higher than Chimborazo before the 

 crater collapsed, June 19-20, 1698, might have ejected the volcanic products 

 noticed by Whymper on Chimborazo, though it seems improbable. 



