352 SEE— THE CAUSE OF EARTHQUAKES. [October 19, 



expected to pour forth molten rock so as to give above the water 

 a volcanic aspect. In some cases the islands would be raised with- 

 out eruption breaking out at all, while in others the eruptive out- 

 breaks would occur beneath the sea, and the surface appearance of 

 such islands would be non-volcanic. 



§ 32. Dr. Rudolph's views on submarine earthquakes and erup- 

 tions. 



In the first volumes of *' Beitrage zur Geophysik " (especially 

 Vols. I and II) Dr. E. Rudolph has several elaborate papers dealing 

 with the subject of submarine earthquakes and eruptions in an 

 exhaustive manner. The large catalogues of such phenomena col- 

 lected in this careful inquiry are certainly impressive, and the 

 results of Dr. Rudolph's investigations may be said to confirm the 

 view here taken that the sea bottom is in a constant state of vol- 

 canic disturbance. These disturbances are in fact so frequent that 

 a similar view is held by many experienced navigators as the result 

 of their own observations. What explanation can be given for such 

 phenomena except the penetration of the sea water into the earth's 

 crust? Volcanic outbreaks never occur except along the shores 

 or under the sea. The significance of these disturbances of the sea 

 bottom and their connection with the formation of islands seems 

 therefore obvious. In the " Face of the Earth," Vol. I, p. 61, 

 Professor Suess remarks on the calm attitude of the scholar in the 

 midst of dangerous natural phenomena, and gives the following 

 interesting account of Apollonius of Tyana : 



" In the year 62 or 65 A. D. Apollonius of Tyana was on the island of 

 Crete. He was on that coast of the island which is washed by the Libyan 

 Sea, on a promontory in the neighborhood of Phastus, and was engaged in 

 conversation with a number of men who had come to do honor to the 

 sanctuary on the promontory, when suddenly an earthquake took place. The 

 roar of the thunder, says Philostratus, did not proceed from the clouds, but 

 came from the deptHs of the sea, and the sea retired at least seven stadia, 

 so that the crowd were afraid that in its retreat it would carry the temple 

 with it, and wash them all away. Apollonius however said : ' Be com- 

 forted; the sea has Iprought forth nezv land.' A few days later they heard 

 that a new island had risen between Thera and Crete." 



This account not only illustrates the character of a philosopher, 



but also shows that even Apollonius recognized that the sea brought 



forth new land. 



