FARMERS' INSTITUTES. 81 



FIRST YEAR. 



Geometry. 



Meteorology. 



History. 



Trigonometry and surveying. 



Elementary chemistry. • 



English literature; bookkeeping. 



SECOND YEAR. 



Physics. 



Vegetable j)h3'siology and horticulture. 



Rhetoric. 



Civil engineering. 



Botany, horticulture and mineralogy. 



Inductive logic. 



THIRD YEAR. 



Drawing and rural engineering. 



Geology. 



Mental philosophy. 



Astronomy. 



Zoology. 



Moral philosophy. 



FOURTH YEAR. 



Analytical chemistry. 



Animal physiology. 



Political economy. 



Agricultural chenlistry. 



Entomology, veterinary medicine, economy of domestic animals. 



Technology, household and rural economy. 



It is interesting to note the conflict of opinions which has always 

 obtained respecting compulsory manual labor at the agricultural col- 

 leges. One idea, typified in the Michigan Agricultural College, com- 

 pels manual labor for the double purpose of enforcing the dignity of 

 labor and of teaching the practical operations of the farm. The oppo- 

 site idea, typified in Yale and Cornell, considers that manual labor, as 

 such, can be better taught on a farm than at a college or university. 

 It holds that the dignity of labor is upheld by the man's thinking rather 

 than by his mere doing. The compulsory labor system is now extinct in 

 most institutions, even in Michigan, and in its place is labor which is 

 educative and illustrative. Compulsory labor has given place to labora- 

 tory labor. 



The whole controversy over compulsory labor has really turned on 

 the confounding of training with education. As the colleges rose in 

 grade and efficiency, true education came more and more to be empha- 

 sized, and apprenticeship and training came more and more to be 

 neglected. There were some institutions which discarded the manual 

 training idea even from the first. Farmers' College was one of these. 



For the agricultural colleges, the battle over compulsory student 

 labor is now fought to a finish, and the victory is with the opponents 

 11 



