244 One of the Lessons. 



summer sun, and summer rains. Cider made in this way has sold for seventy-five 

 cents and a dollar per gallon. Rotten apples make good vinegar, but to make good 

 cider we use sound apples. 



I am told that some make vinegar and can't sell it, and why can't they sell it ? 

 Because they do not have a clear, good article. Tnstead of racking the vinegar oif, 

 before stirring the barrel from its place, they perhaps roll it into the wagon, and stir 

 it all up, and then it is impossible to settle it, and the grocery man will not have it. 



There is another thing. 1 like to have my cider-vinegar high colored, and for 

 this purpose, I let.it stand in the vat twelve hours. We can ordinarily get about 

 four gallons of juice out of a bushel of apples, in the method we adopt. We press 

 out about three gallons of cider from the bushel, and in making vinegar we re-press 

 this promace, and get another gallon, so that from a hundred bushels of apples we 

 get four hundred gallons of juice. 



It is necessary to put into the grocers' hands strong vinegar, because, among 

 other reasons, the grocer finds it very convenient sometimes, to put in four or five 

 gallons of water. But if a customer comes and says, " Here, I want vinegar for 

 pickles," the honest (?) grocer will be careful and not give him the watered vinegar. 



To make good cider and vinegar there is needed care, skill, experience, and — if 

 done on a large scale — capital. So that it may be questioned whether the man with 

 a small orchard should attempt to be both producer and manufacturer. Might it not 

 be better for him to sell to the manufacturer ? It is not always that the small farmer 

 can afford to lie out of his money, even if he had the tact and business ability to 

 carry on a manufacturing establishment. 



Another thing : to sell a manufactured article requires a previously earned repu- 

 tation. A man who is not known in the market, might not be able to sell to 

 advantage, but when a man has worked up a trade, and it is known that he makes 

 a good article, he has no trouble in selling. There are gentlemen in this house who 

 have thousands upon thousands of gallons of cider; you do not hear much about it, 

 they have their customers, they come and take it and pay all that the man's cider is 

 worth. 



There was a time when it was difficult to get the grocery men to take our cider 

 and pay for it. They could buy sulphuric acid cheaper. But when the people came 

 to know the difference between this poisoned stuff and pure cider-vinegar, they were 

 not so slow to choose the latter, and pay what it was worth ; and when grocery men 

 refused to buy my cider-vinegar, I sold direct to their customers until they were finally 

 glad to "try a few barrels," and they have been trying my cider-vinegar ever since. 



One of the Lessons. — In commenting upon the effects of the past winter, Greo. 

 J. Kellogg, Janesville, Wis., writes us: "One of the lessons the past winter will 

 teach us, is to thoroughly mulch in September all young stock in nursery, vineyard, 

 and garden, to prevent root killing by the effects of dry fall and hard winters. 

 Once in seven years we have one of these extremely hard winters, and occasionally a 

 dry fall between. The extent of injury to roots of pears, apples, grape vines and 

 small fruits, is far greater than the injury to the tops, and greater than at present 

 believed. Experience is a hard teacher, but let us heed and learn to be wise." 



