118 AMERICAN JOURNAL 



based on the locomotive organs, the Gasteropoda corresponding 

 nearly to Anthropoda among Articulata, and Pedata of Klein 

 among Vertebrata. 



On the Natural System. 



Linne first showed clearly the difference between the synopti- 

 cal method and the natural system. 



" Synoptica divisio seculo, xvi. and xviii, maxims in usu fuit." 



" Systematica vero seculo, xviii. prjBcipue exculto fuit, incepta 

 a Tournefortio and Rivino." Phil, Bot. § 153. 



"Methodus naturalis est ultimus finis Botanices." lb. § 163. 



In attributing the titles of rank of the systematic divisions, 

 and indicating their relative superiority or inferiority, Linne, 

 like most modern authors, was simply guided by instinct, but in 

 a manner which showed his lofty systematic genius, which al- 

 ways guided him in finding the method closest allied to the 

 natural system. "Naturalis instinctus docet nosce primum 

 proxima et ultimo minutissimo, ej. Homines, Quadrupedia, Aves, 

 Pisces, Insecta, Acaros, vel primum majores plantas, ultimo mi- 

 nimos Muscos." Phil. Bot. § 153. 



"Methodici summi methodo mathematica, in scientia naturali, 

 a simplicioribus ad composita adscendunt, adeogue in cepere ab 

 Algis, Muscis, Fungis, uti Rajus, Boerhaaisus, &c. 

 ' " Natura non facit saltus." Phil. Bot. § 153. 



" Facies externa vulgo a Botanicis antea dictus est habitus. 

 Listerus et Linneus egregie ex habitu conchyliorum divinarunt 

 earundem afiiiiitates, ut ipsi Systematica ssepius deflexerint, ubi 

 habitus recta duxerat." lb. § 163. 



" Fructificatio (dentes linguales*) recentiorum inventum, viam 

 primario apemit ad mothodum naturalem, sed nee hoc etiamnum 

 ita intolligitur, ut omnes classes delegat. Habitu !, uti in Quad- 

 rupedibus distinguit Feris a Pecoribus quamvis dentes non respi- 

 eerentur ; sic etiam in plantis Sfepe harum ordines naturales 

 prime intuitu manifestat." Phil. Bot. § 163. 



These are the principal systematic principles of Linne. Linne 

 knew well that the organic creation was not to be arranged in a 

 single line from man to the monad, as Bonnet believed, — viz. : 



"Natura ipsa sociat et conjungit Lapides et Plantas, Plantas 

 et Animalia ; hoc faciendo non connectit perfectissimas Plantas 

 cum Animalibus maxirae imperfectis dictis, sed imperfecta Ani- 

 malia et imperfectas Plantas combinat, e. gr. Lernseum, Animal- 

 culum et Confervam Algam. Spongiam Algam et Corallia Ani- 

 malia ; TiBniara, Conferva marticulatam, Corallinam." lb. § 153. 



* The botanical names are changed to concholoffical. 



