NATIVKS OF AFRICA IN TIIIC irnil CENTURY. I5I 



tribe no long-er exists as independent, but the clan of Xyapure is 

 still living-, "these of Xyapurc " ; and they are saluted thus: 

 " Good morning-, Nyapure ! " The same can be said of Tnhaboze 

 and Manuca. " Those of Manuse " have lost their self-governing- 

 condition, but ])eople bearing that family or clan name are met 

 witli on the Eastern border of the Limpopo. The river Inhar- 

 ingue is the actual well-knoAvn Inyarrime lagoon, in the midst of 

 the country of the so-called Ba-Chopi, and most of the little king- 

 doms here mentioned still exist. Gamba, the Mokalanga invader 

 who was baptised by Goncalvo da Silveira. is certainly the 

 Gzvombc clan whose chief Khugunu ( Cogune ) is one of the most 

 important amcngst the Chopi. Mocun-iba is proliably Nkiiiiibi, 

 his neighbour, and these two clans seem to inhabit exactly the 

 same tract of country where the Portuguese found them in the 

 sixteenth century. Panda, still called by that name in the Portu- 

 guese orthograph.v, but in reality Pande, is settled furtlier Xortli, 

 directly westwards of Inhanibane. Javara is either Zaralla or 

 Zaiora. ]\ronhibene alone is unknown to my informants. As 

 regards Tnhambane, it is naturally the Inliambane of to-day, or 

 more correctly pronounced Nycinbonc. It was already the name 

 of a country round the Bay, not of a chief, though a chief of 

 that name must, no doubt have lived there in former times. 



The ethnology of the country between the Pimpopo and Jn- 

 hambane is rather complicated. We meet now with three main 

 ethnic or linguistic elements in that region ; ( i ) The Bn-Leui^i, 

 more commonly called Ba-Chopi ( wrongly spelt " APchopes " on 

 certain maps) ; zi:::., *' those who are transfi.xed with weapons " 

 (as their country was the favourite hunting, or, rather, raiding 

 ground of Gungunyana) ; they occupy the border of the sea in 

 the southern part of the region. (2) The Tonga-Nyembane* ; 

 viz., the tribe round Inhambane who speak a peculiar language, 

 the Gitonga. (3) The Ba-Tswa, who are but a branch of the big 

 Hlengwe group which belongs to the Thonga-Shangaan tribe. 

 When inquiring- into the past of these various clans, we find that 

 many of them emigrated from the Nyai or Kalanga groups, 

 countries in the South of Rhodesia. There are Alalalanga 

 amongst the Ba-Tswa, r/c, the clans of Khambane and Makwa- 

 kwa called by the common name of Nwanati. The clan of Gamba, 

 or Gwambe. also came from the North, and its emigration took 

 place during the reign of the father of the chief whom Silveira 

 Ijaptised. viz., in the beginning of the sixteenth century. This 

 Kalanga origin is proved by some Native words quoted by the 

 Jesuit fathers in their letters, Fernandez reports the following 

 song as having been sung a great many times in Otongwe, the 

 capital of Gamba : 



Gombe ziica na virato ambiize capana virate, 



* I propose, for the sake of clearness, to call the tribe near Inhambane, 

 Tonga-Nyemhane. to distinguish tlieni from the Thonga-Shangaan (Thonga 

 with an aspirated h ) who occupy all the district of Lourenqo-Marques 

 and nart of that of Inhambane. 



