NATIVES OF AFRICA IN THE i6t1I CENTLRV. I49 



of the same elements as tc-day, and that the Native traditions 

 account perfectly for all the changes that have taken place. Thus 

 it is not true to say that these communities " have long since 

 ceased to exist." It is also an error to pretend that they " have 

 clone nothing worth mentioning in the history of South Africa.'" 

 For a long time before the Eurcpean or Asiatic traders occupied 

 the high land of South Africa, the tribes round Delagoa Bay 

 acted as intermediaries between the White merchants and the 

 tribes of the interior; llie Mpfumo clan, especially, was known 

 as a clan of merchants ; large caravans were organised to carr}- 

 clothing", beads, and other goods to Gazaland, to the Northern 

 Transvaal, even to Zululand, and. in this way. the^e Native^^ 

 really contributed to the civilisation of the country. 



Let us pass now to the tribes Soutli of Delagoa Uay, in the 

 countr}- now called Caffraria proper. Natal. Zululand, Amatonga- 

 land. In the report of Lavanha we find an extensive list of 

 names of chiefs, or, rather, of headmen, through whi se territory 

 the party of San Alberto made its way. I reproduce it here with 

 the Portug^uese orthograjihy, which is, of course, very defective, 

 as these old chroniclers had no idea of the special Bantu sounds : 

 so I add to these names their translation into what seems to have 

 been their real pronunciation : 



From ^T,^ to 32° South Latitude we meet vvith the Tizombe 

 clan, the Chiefs Luspance ( Lusiphansi?) and Ld^abu. From 

 32'' to 31", Inhancoza ( Nyana-we-nkosi), \'ibo. Fro.'n 

 31° to 30". Inhancunha ' Nyankunya ) ; Ospidanhama ( Usipidan- 

 yama) ; Moxangala (^Urnshangala ) mountains; Catine ( Katini ).. 

 From 30" to 29^: Inhanze ; Mabomborucassobelo ; Mocongolo 

 (Umkongelo). From 29'' to 28°: Alutangalu river; Gogam- 

 bapolo ; Giniijacucumba ; L'quine Inhana (Ukinyane). near the 

 Tugela River, called Uchugel. From 28° to 27°: Panjana; 

 Malangana ; Gamabela, l.uimbe. Further North begins the king- 

 dom of Inhaca. 



To these chiefs Diogo de Couto adds the following, in Ama- 

 tcngaland : jNIacalapapa, near the Santa Luzia Bay. and the 

 ]\Iacomato tribe, with a chief called by him Viragune. between 

 Mocalapapa and Inhaca. 



I have not been able to ilentify those names with any still 

 existing, except that of the river Uchugel. evidently the Tugela. 

 The other river mentioned — Mutangala — is, according to Theal's 

 supposition, the actual Umzimkulu ; the Mashangale mountains 

 would be the Ingele. It may be that some student of Native his- 

 tory dwelling in those countries will be able to find traces of some 

 other words of the list. Iiowever, should this attempt prove un- 

 successful, we should not wonder at the disappearance of those 

 names, as we know what frightful disturbances the military raids 

 cf Chaka caused in the whole territory of Natal and Zululand 

 from 1812 to 1820. This sanguinary despot destroyed, or amal- 

 gamated, hundreds of clans under his cruel rule. In Bird's 

 "Annals of Natal," I have found a list of 93 tribes which were 



