346 THiC TKADKS SCHOOL IN THE TRANSVAAL. 



and moral state manifest as a result of the reverse process the 

 organisation of education in the service of industry. These two 

 things are not synonymous ; they imply two different sets of con- 

 ditions : and I am of the opinion that if arrangements are made 

 for the hrst set, it will be possible for greater advantage to be 

 taken of the existing second set. that is. of the already existing 

 organised education in the service of industry. 



I am, therefore, bold enough to criticise the findings of the 

 Indigency Commissioners when the}' say that they " do not think 

 that the present conditions of the country are such as to make 

 it either jjossible or necessary to establish such schools." (5 ) ( i.e.. 

 Trades Schools in country districts). .A. little before that they 

 have placed it on record that the ordinary- education does not 

 qualify the children of the rural ])opulation to take up trades 

 de])endent on the farming industry. (6) 1 think they should have 

 gone on to advise the estal)lishment of schools in which education 

 would h<-i\-e taken place ihroiiali such trades. 



It is not sufficient for a few thousands to take complex 

 technical courses in uni\ersity colleges (|ualifying them as highly 

 trained specialists in some form of engineering or allied pro- 

 fessions; there must be schools, as the Indigency Commissioners 

 have pointed out, (7) pro\iding industrial training of the 

 elementary and intermediate type that is lower than that afforded 

 by the university college, in order that there may be a body of 

 intelligent men able to co-operate efficiently with these specialisvs. 

 The men who labour with their hands will not feel the dignity 

 and honour of their labour unless their work is well done as the 

 result of trained intelligence ; and for this to be possible the type 

 of school which I here wish to urge is an absolute necessity under 

 the conditions of modern industrial life. (8). 



" The machine tool-shop has become far more important than 

 it used to be, and labour-saving tools have greatly displaced handi- 

 craft ; head-work has Iiecomc far more important, and if a man is 

 not to be a mere tool-minder, he must know something of the 

 sciences which underlie his trade. It is also important that he 

 should be happy through interest. in his work, else he will develop 

 into a mere labour-sa\ing tool himself, without imagination and 

 without initiative — a poor sort of citizen. Again, reforms in 

 workshop methods and invention depend greatly upon the ideas 

 of the workmen, which gradually reach their superiors." (9). 



If that is true of Great Britain and Ireland it is surely be- 

 coming more and more so for this country which is dependent on 

 Europe and America for its machinery in all industries. And 

 is the newly appointed European or American manager not likely 

 to put in the latest labour-saving machinery available to enable 

 him to save on the cost of production by (a) employing less hands 

 (b) rendering him less subject to human error in his men — less 

 dependent on the personal equation? They cannot possibly be 

 philanthropists and keep on those whose efficiency has become of 

 zero commercial value through advance in invention. And what is 



