METHODS FOR COLKNTING IN ELECTIONS. 68l 



votes are concerned, totally unrepresented by the 8 members 

 elected by the other voters' 74.72 votes. This is not proportional 

 representation; for over 11 per cent, of the voters are, owing 

 to the use of Droop's quota, totally unrepresented. For the same 

 reason — the use of Droop's quota in allotting the votes, two 

 men \evy little preferred by the voters, H. and L., have secured 

 election. If we use Droop's ([uota ^o allot the votes, we never can 

 be sure that we get the men most preferred by the voters. 



EXI'LANATION 0\- Till". Senah' Rrij-.s Tai'.lk. 



With Droop's smaller (juota, 9.34, four members get 

 primary surpluses — that is, surpluses on first-choice votes. These 

 have to be distributed consecutively in Columns IV, V, VI, VII, 

 before the votes for any unsuccessful candidate. Each of the 

 four surpluses is worth .66 of a vote. Their distributioji to 

 the next available candidate on each ballot paper, as fractional 

 surplus values calculated to two places of decimals, is given, 

 with each grade of vote marked on the line, on 23 lines under 

 five columns— I V^-VII and X and XJ. 



All these four i)rimary surpluses are due to the use of 

 Droop's quota. Had Hare's quota been used, every one of the 

 40 votes the four candidates get would have been counted as a 

 whole first-choice vote ; whilst under Senate rules every one of 

 these 40 votes has .066, or .07, used as a lower-choice vote, of 

 grades ranging from the second to the eighth, as showm in 28 

 entries on this result sheet, contrary to the first-expressed wish 

 of each of the 40 voters, which first wish would be carried out 

 if the rules fixed Hare's {piota, not Droop's. This is contrary 

 to the principle enunciated by both Pim and Humphreys — that 

 all first choices must be given elfect to firstly, before second or 

 lower choices should be used. It is also contrary to the otlier 

 principle — that of the efjuality of all choices, whole or frac- 

 tional, of the same grade ; for, on every one of these 40 first- 

 choice votes, .066 of the vote is not treated like the remaining 

 .934 of the vote. It is used not as a first-choice vote, but as 

 a lower-choice vote. Both these principles are violated in each 

 one of these 28 entries. 



Further, we have seen this election can be finished in exact 

 conformity with the voters' directions on sixth-ohoice votes. 

 Nine of these entries are those of choices lower than the sixth; 

 and therefore should not be used as they here are, securing the 

 ejection of L and H. So much as to the wholly unnecessary 

 and improper distribution of the 2.64 primary surpluses whicli 

 the use of Droop's quota necessitates : in every one of the 28 

 entries a lower choice is used, down to seventh and 

 tenth choices, in place of the first choice made efi^ective in the 

 case of every one of the 40 votes when Hare's quota is used. 

 Having seen that in every case of primary surplus distribution 

 in this election Droop's quota necessitates that instead of the 

 voter's first choice being made wholly effective for representation, 



£ 



