682 METHODS FOR COUNTING IN ELECTIONS. 



a lower grade of choice, running from the second to the eighth, 

 has been used. 



Let us examine what haj^pens with the transfer of unsuc- 

 cessful candidates' whole votes under Senate Rules. 



There are six such cases, and in every one of them a lower 

 choice is used than is used with Hare's quota under the suggested 

 rules. We shall take these six cases one by one. 



*Vote lo. BACMJIDHEL, used under the suggested rulc^ 

 as a first choice for B, here helps to elect A second choice and 

 L tenth choice, and owing to the use of Droop's quota, the third, 

 fourtli. and fifth choices for C, M, J, respectively, cannot be 

 used. The tenth choice for T. should not be used because other 

 voters' choices higher than the seventh can become efl:'ective in 

 this election in electing another candidate. 



*\'ote 21, DlMACBHJltL, used under suggested rules as a 

 sfxth-choice vote for B, is here improperly used as a seventh- 

 choice vote for K. The use of Droop's qtiota makes the third 

 and fifth choices for M and C, respectively, useless. 



'''■Vote 23, EIAJMCDBHL, used under the suggested rules 

 to elect A, goes here througli D as a ninth-choice vote to elect 

 H iiuproperly, for other voters" choices higher than the seventh 

 can finish this election by electing another candidate. Here, too, 

 Drooj/s quota makes the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth choices 

 for A, J, M, C. respectively, useless, for it elects them on (j.34 

 votes, while with Mare's (juota this vote might ba\'e heljicd them 

 get 10.5 votes. 



*Vote 47, IDKBjMACHL, used under suggested rules as a 

 fourth-choice vote for B, here goes as a tentli-choice vote to 

 elect L. On it choices for J, W, A, C are rendered useless by 

 tile use of Droop'? cjuota. 



*Vote 20. DCHIBEJALK is here used as a 1 bird-choice vote 

 for M, while under suggested rules it goes as a second-choice 

 vote to elect C, Here, too. Droop's quota makes the choices 

 tor J- A useless. 



*LastIy, Vote 22, EBLHMJICDA. used as a second-choice 

 vote for B, goes here as a third-choice vote for L, and Droop's 

 quota makes the fifth, sixth, eighth, and tenth choices useless. 

 In all six cases whole votes, as in all the 40 cases of surplus 

 trrmsfers. have lower choices used for other candidates, while 

 higher choices on each ballot paper could have elected other 

 members. 



21. Dciiioiistratcd Results from using Droop's Quota in 

 Allotting the Votes. — I have thus shown that on every single ballot 

 paper transferred in this election under Senate rules a lower 

 choice is counted than is counted under the suggested rules. I 

 have shown, too. that H and L are elected by seventh, eighth, 

 m'nth, and tenth choice votes, which need not have been looked 

 at, and should not have been used, as other voters' sixth choice 

 votes conclude the election, electing B and F in place of H and L. 



