MKTIiODS FOR e'OUNTlNc: IN ELECTIONS. 683 



who are shown by the table of choices to be two candidates very 

 little preferred by all the voters. 



Further, on every surplus ballot paper transferred at this election 

 under Senate rules, Droop's quota causes the counting of lower 

 choices than are counted when Hare's quota is employed, and in 

 the six whole votes that are transferred makes choices expressed 

 for tlie four most popular candidates useless, owing to their 

 election on 9.34 votes in place of the 10.5 they can receive 

 Avhen Hare's quota is used. They thus necessitate the counting 

 of lower choices on these ballot papers, and it is on these lower 

 choices that H and L secure election. At the J^th and oth counts 

 these two votes zt^ and 44 would go to B, in j^lace of going, as they 

 do here at the loth choice, to L. 



Beside all this, with Droop's quota, in this election 9.28 

 votes are necessarily non-efTective, while under the suggested 

 rules every one of the 79 votes, which are left over after the 

 five plumpers for L are subtracted from the 84 votes, take part 

 in electing the eight members, and only a value of .95 on two 

 of them is not actually used in their election. 



Here, as in the Hospital Board Election, the use of Droop's 

 •quota under Senate rules gives four defects : — 



(a) Four primary surpluses in place of none. 



(5) The value of 2.64 first-choice votes on 40 ballot papers, 

 distributed on lower choices from the second to the 

 eighth, in jjlace of being used as first-choice votes. 



(c) On each of these 40 votes received by G, J, M, K, a 

 smaller share, amounting to in all 2.64 votes, is retained 

 as first-choice votes for these members. 



(rf) Lower choice votes than sixth-choice votes on these 

 and the six whole votes of the unsuccessful candidates 

 were counted, and elected two members — H and L, who 

 were two members very little ])referred by the voters. 



These defects are in addition to the others common to every 

 election under Senate rules; and all these defects can be avoided 

 1)\- the application of Mr. Pim's rule 5, and the use of Hare's 

 (|Uota, with (iregor\'s system of surplus distribution, to select 

 the members most preferred by the voters. 



By the use of Droop's quota we find the smallest number 

 ■of votes by which each of several members can secure election, 

 and by this quota we count the really effective votes in any 

 election, effective, that is, in electing the members. 



But in elections by the transferable vote, our object is to find 

 the largest possible number of votes which each member can 

 obtain. We want to find the largest possible number of votes that 

 can be allotted to each member, for it is only by so doing that we 

 can find out the n members most preferred by all the voters, and 

 give everv voter his equal proportional share of representation. 



In elections with the transferable vote we have different 

 .grades of votes — the first grade of first-choice votes expressing 



