684 METHODS FOR COUNTING IN ELECTIONS. 



the highest grade of preference, the second grade of second- 

 dioice votes expressing the next highest grade of preference, 

 and so on downwards ; and to find the voters most preferred, 

 we must count as many as possihle of these first-choice votes 

 and other high grades. Our first object, before counting the 

 votes, is to ahot to each candidate all the votes to which he has 

 the best right. This must be done to enable us to find out the 

 candidates most preferred. If we attempt to allot these votes 

 by Droop's quota, we of necessity fail to carry out the funda- 

 mental principle of " giving cft'ect to the first and higher pre- 

 ferences before making use of lower preferences." 



We are compelled, as we diave seen in these two elections, 

 to make use of lower choices than if we use Hare's ciuota,. 

 and in this way we fail to carry out the voters' directions, as they 

 have marked them. 



In both of the elections we have examined, Droop's ([uota 

 makes use on our transfer sheet of grades of votes lower than 

 those at which the election can \)c finished ; and in the last case 

 two of the members are elected by grades of votes from the 

 seventh to the tenth, while the election can be finislied on the 

 examination and use of sixth-grade votes. 



In that election, under Senate rules every ballot paper is 

 partially or wholly transferred on k)wer grades of vote under 

 the Senate rules than under the suggested rules, owing to 

 the use of Droop's quota. in the last Cape Hospital Bocird 

 Election every entry but one on the result sheet of the transferred 

 votes includes the value of third or fourth choice votes when 

 the Senate rules arc used, while the suggested rules show it 

 can be finished by the transfer of the value of 95 second-choice 

 votes on the ballot-papers which are available after the first 

 count. Hare's quota is absolutely necessary for the proper 

 allotment of the votes to the candidates who have the best right 

 to them, and to carry out the plan Andrae. Hare, and J. Stuart 

 Mill advocated. In no other way can Proportional RejM-esenta- 

 tion be secured. 



Ii! the other election by 84 voters, owing to the use of 

 Droop's quota, 40 surplus votes are transferred on choices lower 

 than the first, which is the only one counted if Hare's f[Uota is 

 used. At this election, also, all six whole votes are transferred 

 to candidates marked lower on each of the six ballot papers than 

 are members wh >se election they help to secure when Hare's 

 quota is used. 



Note (October. 1916). — The rules adopted by the Cape Pro- 

 portional Representation Society last month, which provide for 

 the use of Hare's quota, very much strengthen the case against 

 the use of the Senate Rules and Droop's quota, as they finish this 

 election by the transfer of eight second-choice votes. It is given 

 below : — 



