6/0 METHODS FOR COUNTING IN ELECTIONS. 



the smaller election, by which the truth or fallacy of the facts 

 I have pointed out can be demonstrated. 



i6. Defects of the Senate Rules. — Under the Senate rules 

 we find the following defective conditions : — 



A. There is no giving effect to all second-grade and 

 lower-grade choices simultaneously. 



B. There is no indication of the grade at which the 

 election can be finished. 



C. The smallest possible number of first and higher 

 choices is made eft'ective through the use of Droop's quota. 



D. (a) There are consecutive distributions of each 

 candidate's votes in a prescribed order 



(b) And in each case all available choices, however low, 

 are at once made eft'ective, so that the voters for no two 

 candidates are ttreated alike, and many hnver clioices are 

 improperly made effective. 



E. (a) All the unsuccessful candidates except the 

 highest are successively excluded, and 



(b) All further choices marked for them arc b\- rule 

 directed to be ignored. 



((•) No record is kept of ithe choices marked for ex- 

 cluded unsuccessful candidates, so no evidence of a dis- 

 placement can be obtained. 



(d) The original and transferred votes of thf highest 

 unsuccessful candidate are not further examined, distri- 

 buted, or used. 



F. Mare's plan of the transferable vote is used to ccn- 



duct an election with tlie quota \- i, tlie (juola used in 



every election by " the absolute majority " — the very sys- 

 tem Hare aimed to supersede by the use of the transferable 

 vote, and the division of the whole electorate into n sec- 

 tions. 



(t. Neither of the two i)rincii)les, ad\-ocate(l l)y Mr. 

 Humphreys and Mr. Pim. are carried out. The votes are 

 not handled alike, nor is effect given to the highest choices 

 as far as possible. The members elected under the Senate 

 rules are those who obtain a majority of .01 of a vote, 

 when on a section of the votes equal to one more 

 than N divided by // + i all the choices marked 

 for them, however Idw, on a single arrangement of 

 ballot paiKM-s, are successively counted as eft'ective 

 votes. These members are not necessarib those 

 most desired by the voters, and at ever\' election under 

 the Senate rules votes of a grade lower than that at which 

 the election could be fim'shed are used, and sometimes 

 elect members less preferred by the voters than one of 



