METHODS FOR COUNTING IN ELECTIONS. 67 1 



the rejected candidates. Hare's object was to secure 

 representation for every voter by the use of every 

 vote ; this can only be got by the means he proj^osed — 

 dividing the electorate into ii equal sections. With 

 Droop's quota they are divided into n -\- i sections. The 

 two plans are incompatible. The two objects are difterent. 

 Droop's object is the election of a member. Hare's object 

 is the representation of every voter. 



Before we coimt the votes at an election with the trans- 

 ferable vote, we must allot to each candidate those ballot-papers 

 to which he has more right than any other candidate. 



To find out the candidates most preferred by the voters we 

 must count the utmost possible numl)er of first and other high 

 choices for each member, and this we can only do by the use 

 of Hare's larger quota. If the number of votes a member gets 

 exceeds Hare's quota, we cannot give that member the full value 

 of all his votes, because, that would leave too few votes to give 

 all the members Hare's quota ; but Hare's quota enables us to 

 give to each member the greatest possible number or value of 

 these first-choice votes, or of these higher votes that the member 

 gets. 



If we use Droop's quota to select or find out the members, 

 we stop counting these first or higher votes as soon as we have 

 reached the number, that will give each member Droop's quota 

 in place of the highest possible number. That is, we stop 

 allotting first-choice votes as soon as we have reached the very 

 smallest possible number, which will give the member one more 

 vote than ii -\- i candidate could obtain, in place of the highest 

 possible number that can be made effective, — Droop's quota is a 

 totalh' dift'erent number from that which will make plain who are 

 the members most preferred l)y the voters : which is the whole 

 object of the use of the transferable vote, and of every election. 

 If at an election the votes are allotted by Droop's quota, we 

 never can get proportional representation. 



17. Cape Hospital Board Election, 1915, under Senate 

 Rules, aud under Suggested Rules. Comparison of Results. 

 — W'e will now examine this election carried out under the 

 suggested rules and imder the Senate rules, noting in the 

 case of the transfer of the votes in each method the grade of 

 vote we transfer. 



At the Cape Hospital Board election for the year 19 15, 658 

 voters elected four members from six candidates imder the 

 Senate rules with Drooj/s quota of 132, while Hare's quota is 164. 



The election under the suggested rules is completed by the 

 examination of all available second-choice votes, and to it, under 

 these rules, I siiall first direct attention. 



