methods for counting in elections. oj^' 



Explanation of thk Senate Rttles Table. 



In Colinnn VII we have the first choices, as in CoUniin I. 

 In Cokmin VIII on se])arate lines we have the curacies of the 

 votes received by each candidate, so that we can compare the 

 two methods: at the actual electioi there is. for example, only 

 one entry of the value of six votes received by D from B, with 

 no specification of the grade of each. Column \'1II enables us to 

 see that three were second-choice votes, two third-choice votes, 

 and one fourth-choice vote. In Columns IX, X, XI, and 

 XII we have respectively the distribution of the values of 

 the three surpluses and of F's votes to the candidates. Under 

 Senate rules, E's 60 votes are not distributed. E receives the 

 value of 67 second choice votes from A's surplus in addition 

 to 123 first choice votes. This gives E a secondary surplus of 

 58 votes distributed in Column 11. Column XIII gives the 

 effective votes, and Column XI\^ the non-efi^ective, non-effec- 

 tive for election purposes, or representation, or for selecting 

 the members most preferred by the voters. 



Comparative Results. 

 Supraested Rules. Senate Rules. 



00 



Effective Choices. Non- Effective Choices. Non- 



1st 2nd effective 1st 2nd 3rd effective 



A 164 A 12 132 C 9 D 32 D 9 



B 149 15 B 1 132 D 30 E 102 



C 123 41 C 31 123 F 13 



D 70 39 E 10 70 39 Ex. 4 



F 3 Fr. 2 



506 95 457 



95 57 39 130 



32 



601 + 57 == 658 528 + 130 = 658 



49 fewer 1st Choice Votes. 

 56 fewer 2nd Choice Votes. 

 32 more 3rd Choice Votes. 

 73 more Non-effective Votes than 

 under the Suggested Rules. 



EXPLAN.\TI0N OF THE COMPARATIVE RESULTS. 



We see that with Hare's quota. 164, and the sug- 

 gested rules, the four members are elected in exact con- 

 formity with the first and second choices marked on the 

 ballot-papers, 506 first choices being used, and (;5 second-choices 

 on the other ballot-papers, with 57 non-effective votes ; 32 of 

 these are surplus votes, which have helped in the election of 

 B and C; 12 are non-effeCtive second-choice votes for A. Of 

 the remaining 13, 4 are from A's surplus. Column TI, and the 

 others are 7 votes marked F E, and 2 marked E F. These 9 

 voters are the only voters not represented by the members marked 

 first or second on their ballot-papers, and each of them had 

 marked the member he most preferred as his third choice, and 



