674 MF.TrroDs for counting in elections. 



would have helped to elect him had he not already secured elec- 

 tion on first or first and second-choice votes. 



Under Senate rules 457 first-choice in place of 506 are used; 

 39 second-choice votes in place of 95 : and 32 third-choice votes ; 

 and the value of the non-ef¥ective votes taking no part in the 

 election are 130, as compared to ^y, that is /T, fewer. 



Under Senate rules 35 third-choice votes for D. 2t, for E, 

 and 7 for F, or 65 in all, along with 13 fourth-choice votes, 78 in 

 all, are counted for the candidates, not one of which need have 

 been looked at, much less counted, if E's original 60 votes had been 

 distributed. E's original (x) votes, with the 42 votes transferred 

 to E, and 28 other votes, take no ])art at all in electing the 

 members. 



As the election can be finislied on second-choices, there is 

 no need to look at, much less to count, third or fourth-choices. 

 Yet we see that under Senate rules there is only one single trans- 

 fer of second-choice votes alone of two votes marked A F in 

 Column IX. On every other transfer on the sheet third-choice or 

 third and fourth-choice votes arc counted to the \ alue of 78 votes ; 

 not one of which need have 1)een looked at. much less counted. 



Owing to the use of Droop's quota under the Senate rules 

 we have — 



(a) Three surpluses of the value of 157 votes in place of 

 one of 50 votes. 



(b) Forty-nine first-choice votes from A and B are distri- 



buted as second, third, and fourth-choice votes to 

 other candidates, \vhich can be used as first-choice votes 

 in accordance with the voters' wishes. 



(c) Of the 363 votes received by A and B, a smaller share, 



amounting in all to 49 votes, was retained as first- 

 choice votes for these two members. 



( d ) Second-choice surplus votes for C, of a total value of 58 



votes, were distributed as third and four-choice votes. 



In addition to these defects, we have, as in every election 

 under the Senate rules — A, no simultaneous distribution of 

 second and lower choices ; B, no indication of the grade of vote at 

 which the election can be ended ; D, consecutive distributions in a 

 prescribed order, wnth the use at each of all available choices, 

 however low their grade ; E, the exclusion of all but the highest 

 unsuccessful candidate, the ignoring of choices marked for him, 

 no record of choices given to unsuccessful candidates (here I 

 have marked their grade for purposes of comparison), and no 

 distribution of the highest unsuccessful candidate's ballot papers, 

 either those originally given to him or those transferred to him. 



Column III shows that E's votes, which are not distributed 

 under Senate rules, give 10 second-choices to B, 23 to C, and 

 14 to D from his original 60 votes, to say nothing of the lower 

 choices on the ;^/ second and third-choice votes he gets under 

 the Senate rules. 



