760 



HOKTI CULTURE 



June 6, 1908 



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made have indiciitiMi tliat the growth 

 of young' tobacco plants has been 

 stoiiped and the plants seriously in- 

 jured by about one-eighth as much 

 soluble salines as is shown In the above 

 analyses. 



The writer is not prepared to say 

 how large an accumulation of soluble 

 saline constituents may take place be- 

 loro a cucumber crop will be injun- 

 o\isly affected. The results of data at 

 hand, however, would indicate that 

 a relatively wide latitude may be al- 

 lowed on at least some of the con- 

 stituents. It is my belief that the 

 combined effect of the total soluble 

 mineriil constHitriiis in the soil is re- 

 sponsible for the injurious effect on 

 growing plants rather than an accumu- 

 lation of any one of the soluble ele- 

 ments; although a continued and 

 excessive application of any one of the 

 essential elements of plant food will 

 produce characteristic abnormal con- 

 ditions. 



There seem to be reasonable 

 grounds tor the belief that many cu- 

 cumber growers are using a too liberal 

 amount of horse manure for general 

 practice, especially when we take into 

 consideration the relatively large 

 amount of this material that is some- 

 times used in trenches to furnish under- 

 ground heat to the soil. As this 

 manure decomposes under the intluence 

 of heat and moisture the mineral con- 

 stituents become soluble, and, by 

 means of water which is added from 

 lime to time to the growing crop, are 

 diffused throughout the soil. Much 

 soluble plant food is added to the soil 

 in this manner that is Dot taken into 

 consideration by the average grower. 



The above investigations bring out 

 one fact of unusual interest, namely, 

 the large amount of water soluble 

 potash as compared with the total pot- 

 ash content of the soil. The total 

 potash present in No. 3 soil 

 on the basis of 100 parts of 

 dry matter was .76 per cent of 



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which .24 per cent was present In 

 the water soluble form. The writer 

 has found the same condition to exist 

 in case of tobacco soils which have 

 been heavily fertilized for a term of 

 years and has found as high as 511 lbs. 

 of water soluble potash per acre in 8 

 inches of the surface soil. The writer 

 is av.'are that these facts are not in ac- 

 cordance with the teachings of German 

 scientists and other agricultural inves- 

 tigators who affirm that potash does 

 not remain in solution for any great 

 length of time but is soon fixed as ba- 

 sic compounds in the soil only to be 

 liberated gradually by fhemical action 

 continually taking place during the 

 growing season. 



The phosphoric acid found present 

 in the water solutions of the soils is 

 another curious fact and is quite the 

 exception to the general rule. The 

 writer has found only two samples of 

 tobacco soil which showed the presence 

 of water soluble phosphoric acid. 



The solution and diffusion of the 

 soluble nitrogen compounds is what 

 one might expect of this illusive ele- 

 ment of plant food. The presence of 

 the comparatively large amount of this 

 element in the soil solutions was there- 

 fore not unexpected. 



As a preventive measure might be 

 recommended the more judicious use 

 of manure and fertilizer. Upon the 

 first indication of an accumulation of 

 soluble saline constituents or over- 

 feeding the .soil should be leached out, 

 peferably with hot water, as soon as 

 the crop has been removed. The leach- 

 ing may be accomplished with cold 

 water and, in case of some crops, with- 

 out their removal from the soil. In 

 case a crop is suffering from an exces- 

 sive application of manure and it is 

 not advisable to leach out the soil, the 

 best remedy would be to apply two or 

 three inches of loam to the surface of 

 the beds. This promotes the forma- 

 tion of new roots and has been known 

 to save the crop. 



In case the benches have been ar- 

 ranged tor sub-irrigation, the leach- 

 iu.g may be accomplished by allowing 

 the drainage waters to pass off through 

 the sub-irrigation pipes, arrangements 

 being made so that the water may run 

 off freely. Where it is not possible to 

 leach the soil it should be replaced 

 with new soil; or it might answer to 

 remove one-half of the old soil and 

 carefully and thoroughly mix an ecpial 

 volume of new soil with the remainder. 

 The old soil removed from the 

 benches, as well as tile solution result- 

 ing from leaching the same, may he 

 used as a fertilizer to good advantage 

 on out-of-door crops and would prob- 

 ably not prove inferior to the average 

 farm yard manure. 



HENRI D. HASKINS. 



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