PHARMACOPG@IAL VEGETABLE DRUGS. 
school of Salernum. It was a familiar domestic remedy in England 
at the time of Turner (656), 1568, and as it is carthartic, it naturally 
appealed to heroic medicationalists. Although carried in the Pharma- 
copeia, it has never been much used in American medicine. 
CHIMAPHILA 
Wintergreen, or pipsissewa, Chimaphila umbellata, is a creeping 
evergreen vine native to northern latitudes of Europe and Asia, and 
found in the United States in shady woods, where it prefers loose, 
sandy soil. The Indians of North America considered chimaphila of 
importance, using decoctions of it in nephritic, scrofulous, and rheu- 
matic disorders. Mitchell (441), in his Inaugural Address, 1803, 
(University of Pennsylvania) gave the drug particular attention, whilst 
in domestic medicine it was in favor as a tea, in the sections of country 
in which it was native, its use being especially in rheumatic and ne- 
phritic affections. In these directions it crept into some favor with the 
medical profession, and thus anticipated the uses of salicylic acid and 
the salicylates, which in structural form are constituents of this plant. 
CHIRATA 
An annual herb of the mountainous regions of Northern India, 
chirata (Swertia chirayita) has long been held in esteem by the Hin- 
doos, being frequently mentioned by Susruta (522). It did not attract 
attention in England until 1829, and was introduced into the Edinburgh 
Pharmacopeia in 1839. It was first described by Roxburgh (559) in 
1814. No record of its introduction into Indian medicine nor to its 
Original usage is possible, other than that it is a gift of native medi- 
cation and is described in Sanscrit writings. 
CHONDRUS 
: Trish Moss, Chondrus crispus, has been known from an early 
period, its use being chiefly as a domestic medicine. ‘The London or 
British Pharmacopeia never gave it a position. Todhunter at Dublin 
1831, introduced it to the notice of the medical profession. The 
method of its employment is yet in decoction or infusion, no attempt 
being made to improve upon its domestic form. 
CHRYSAROBINUM 
This substance, formerly supposed to be identical with crude chrys- 
ophanic acid, is derived from Goa Powder, a deposit found in the 
cavities of the trunk of the Andira araroba, a South American tree. It 
is used in skin diseases in the same manner as the crude Goa powder, 
from which it is simply a separated material. Goa powder was em- 
ployed in native medication as a remedy in skin diseases, which brought 
it to the attention of physicians and led to its introduction into medi- 
cine, as well as its final insertion in the Pharmacopeia. : 
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