PHARMACOPGIAL VEGETABLE DRUGS. 
to be found about every dwelling. As already stated, Burdock has 
been used in domestic medicine from time out of date. Several va- 
rieties, however, have inherited the common name, such works as 
Salmon, 1683 (570a) Samuel Dale, 1737 (179) Quincy, 1749 (532) 
Lewis, 1768 (382) Motherby, 1775 (451b) testifying thereto. In all 
these it is titled Bardana. 
LEPTANDRA 
Leptandra, Veronica virginica, grows in rich woodlands through- 
out the United States east of the Mississippi River, being found in 
abundance wherever it is native to a section and the woodlands have 
been undisturbed. The various species are known under many local 
names, such as black root, Culver’s root, Brinton root, Bowman root, 
physic root, etc., as used by the settlers. They derived their knowledge 
of the drug from the American Indians, and designated the plant by 
the name of the man who used it in his practice, or from its charac- 
teristics. The Delaware Indians called the plant quitel, and the Mis- 
souri and Osage tribes knew it as hini. Leptandra was employed in 
decoction by settlers and savages alike as a violent purgative, and in 
the practice of early physicians of the United States it was used for 
bilious fevers. Peter Smith (605), author of the “Indian Doctor’s 
Dispensatory,” 1813, states that his father used “‘Culver’s Root’’ to cure 
the pleurisy, which it did “with amazing speed.” The use of the drug 
was confined to domestic medication until the appearance of the 
American Dispensatory (356), 1852, which gave it a general intro- 
duction to the profession of medicine. Professor W. Byrd Powell, a 
physician of high education, valued leptandra very highly, and it was 
upon his strong commendation to Professor John King (356), editor 
of the American Dispensatory, that it was there given a position. 
LIMONIS, CORTEX ET SUCCUS 
The lemon tree, Citrus limonum, is a native of the forests of 
Northern India, occurring elsewhere through the adjacent countries. 
It has been known from the beginning of written history in its native 
land, but its mention in Sanskrit literature occurs in more modern 
times, rather than in antiquity. The Arabian writers gave it the name 
limun, from the Hindu word limbu, or limu. (See extract from 
article of Dr. Rice, to follow.) The lemon was unknown to the early 
inhabitants of Greece and Rome, but it was mentioned in the third and 
fourth centuries A. D., in the Book of Nabathean Agriculture. In 
this connection it may be said that the introduction of the lemon paral- 
lels somewhat the record of the orange. The use of the lemon as a 
grateful acid in drinks and cordials, as well as the peel of the fruit as 
a flavoring material in medicine, seems to have been known to primi- 
tive humanity. Possibly the most authoritative dissertation on the 
lemon, which embodies the history of the citrus family generally, is that 
by Dr. Charles Rice (see Frontispiece to this Bulletin), published in 
New Remedies, August, September, and October, 1878. With his 
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