PHARMACOPGIAL VEGETABLE DRUGS. 
to Japan, North and South America, the Falkland Islands, and even 
to the Cape of Good Hope, being so widely distributed as to have led, 
naturally, to its therapeutic reputation in common life in all parts of 
the world. The spores of lycopodium have been used in domestic 
therapy as an application to fresh wounds, and have thus a reputation 
as an absorbent styptic. Official in pharmacy in the middle of the 
seventeenth century, the English druggists seem not to have included 
the powder in their list of drugs before 1692, nor has it been official 
in any of the London pharmacopeias. Lycopodium is employed in 
Homeopathic and Eclectic medication, and in connection with shellac 
and earthy salts is also used in large quantity in the making of differ- 
ent colored signal fires, as well as those for evening celebrations. 
MALTUM 
The time of the introduction of malt (Hordeum distichon) ante- 
dates the lore of systematic medication. Germinated barley, kiln-dried, 
has been employed in the making of malted liquors since a very early 
date, and malt liquors have been in domestic use, both as a beverage 
and an extract, for a very long period. The introduction of malt into 
the pharmacopeia resulted from the empirical use of the semi-pro- 
prietary “Extracts of Malt,” which a few years after the middle of the 
last century became popular in domestic as well as in professional use. 
Its introduction to medicine is, however (as with many other sub- 
stances of merit or otherwise), due largely to the efforts of manufac- 
turing pharmacists. , 
MANNA 
Manna of commerce is supplied by the manna ash, Fraxinus 
ornus, of the Southern Tyrol, Italy, Switzerland, Asia Minor, and the 
mountainous islands of the Mediterranean and countries adjacent. In 
Central Europe it grows as an ornamental tree, the foliage being in 
great variation in shape of leaflets, and the fruit diverse in form. Ac- 
cording to Fliickiger and Hanbury (240), previous to the fifteenth 
century the manna of Europe was imported from the East, and was 
not derived from the manna ash. In early days manna was a natural 
exudation, much scarcer than at present, and much more expensive, 
the increase in the production being now artificially increased and also 
marked by a decrease in quality. During the sixteenth century the 
plan referred to above was devised of incising the trunk and branches 
to produce a more copious supply of the gum, thus largely increasing 
the amount of the market supply, although the method was strenu- 
ously opposed by legislative enactments. The name Gibelmanna, 
manna-mountain, by which an eminence of the Madonia range of 
mountains in Sicily is known, indicates that this mountain furnished 
manna during the days of the Saracens in Sicily. Manna has been 
used as a domestic remedy from all time as a gentle laxative, and, as 
mentioned in our article on Spigelia, is supposed, in domestic medicine 
in this country, to modify the griping qualities of a mixture of senna 
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