PHARMACOPCIAL VEGETABLE DRUGS. 
article of domestic use and preparation (in his journey to Herat) by 
several tribes of native Africans. Sugar as a remedy in itself has been 
quite often a therapeutic factor in both domestic and regular medica- 
tion. 
SALVIA 
Sage, Salvia officinalis, has been used by the herbalists from all 
time, being likewise employed as a flavor in culinary directions. Pliny 
(514), Theophrastus (633), and other early writers mention this plant, 
which is now cultivated in all temperate regions of the world. It is 
still employed in decoctions as a domestic medicinal drink, and when 
bruised the fresh herb is applied as a poultice to sprains and swellings. 
Its empirical use antedates its employment in systematic medicine. 
SANGUINARIA 
Bloodroot, Sanguinaria canadensis, is found throughout the 
temperate regions of the United States east of the Mississippi River. 
It was used by the Indians as a dye for coloring their garments and 
for staining their faces and bodies, in which direction it fulfilled the 
double object of a coloring material as well as to keep away insects, 
it being disagreeable to them. The Indians also used it as an acrid 
emetic and, mixed with other herbs, in the form of an ointment as 
an application to indolent ulcers, its action being somewhat escharotic. 
The early settlers employed it in these directions, while its efficacy in 
coughs and eolds established it as a constituent of home-made com- 
pounds such as syrups and tinctures. The professional use as well as 
great reputation of this drug and its alkaloidal constituents (388a) 
are due to the Eclectic school of medicine, although its qualities had 
been well established previous to the systematic efforts made by phy- 
sicians of this school. Sanguinaria was mentioned by Barton (43), 
Cutler (178), Thacher (631), Schépf (582), Bigelow (69), and other 
early investigators, whose recorded statements demonstrate the method 
of its introduction to have been as herein described. In connection 
with lard, arsenic, and hydrated ferric oxide it constitutes a once popu- 
lar cancer remedy. It is a constituent of the early Eclectic Compound 
Tar Plaster (see Phytolacca). 
SANTALUM RUBRUM 
Red sandalwood, red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus), is a 
small tree native to the southern part of the Indian Peninsula, being 
found at Canara, Mysore, and the Coromandel Coast. It is also found 
in the Southern Philippines. The wood is obtained chiefly from plan- 
tations in the forests of the Kurnool Hills and adjacent localities neigh- 
boring to Madras. The beginning of the use of the wood of this tree 
for temples and other primitive religious buildings is lost in antiquity. 
Marco Polo (518) refers to the fact that sandalwood was impc 
into China, distinguishing this variety by the word red. Garcia de 
Orta (480), of Goa, in the sixteenth century, distinguishes between 
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