THE CULTURE OF THE CINCHONAS. 25 
1849, from the Jesuits in Cuzco, in central Peru, who sent Cin- 
chonas to their settlements in Algeria.t These endeavors in 
Algeria remained unsuccessful, but attracted the attention of the 
Dutch, so that finally, in 1851, Miquel’s repeated impulsions 
received the approbation of the Colonial Minister Pahud, who now 
realized the excellent idea, and later, in 1855, being advanced to 
the position of Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, actively 
assisted in its accomplishment. Pahud accordingly effected the 
despatch of the German botanist Hasskarl to South America, which 
took place in December, 1852, from Southampton; in 1853 he trav- 
eled from Lima, through the district of Cuzco, as far as Sandia, on 
the Bolivian boundary, and finally, after a repeated visit to Bolivia, 
the collections, contained in 21 Wardian cases, were, on the 21st of 
August, 1854, successfully brought on board of a frigate which the 
government had sent to Islay for this express purpose. Hasskarl 
brought the young plants in December, 1854, to Batavia, and cared 
for their settlement in Java ;* the seeds collected by him were at 
the same time transferred to the University gardens in Holland. 
But the Dutch had also been otherwise active. In 1848 Weddell 
brought seeds of Cinchona Calisaya to Paris, which there de- 
veloped well, in the commercial garden of Thibaut and Keteleer, 
In 1852 the Dutch Government sent young Calisaya plants of this 
firm to Java, and likewise in 1854 the seeds of Cinchona lancifolia, 
obtained through Karsten from Columbia. The gardens in Hol- 
land furthermore soon furnished from Hasskarl’s seeds strong 
plants for Java; the first results there from all these endeavors 
corresponded, however, but little to the expectations. 
On the part of the English, a report from Royle in June, 1852, 
addressed to the East India Company, gave an impulse for the 
energetic pursuance of the planting of Cinchona trees. The 
learned botanist recommended for the settlements in India the Blue 
Hills (Nilagiris, Neilgherries) of the Malabar coast and the south- 
ern promontories of the Himalaya. 
After the but slightly satisfactory attempts of the Government, 
through the intervention of the English agents, to attain the pur- 
pose in view, Markham finally came forward, in April, 1859, with an 
offer to accept the matter, for which he was rendered capable by a 
thorough acquaintance with the land and people of the domains on 
1 Journ. de Pharm. XX (1851), 286; compare also Weddell, “Sur Ia culture des — 
Quinquinas, communication faite au Congrés international de Botanique tenu a Paris en 
Aoit 1867.” ¥ oe 
* A most complete description is given by Oudemans, /oc. cit. 146, and following ; also 
by Gorkom (Title under section XVIII). fe 
$ Blue Book of 1863. 
c 
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