296 CINCHONA BARKS. 
the borders of Bolivia and Peru, as also by a knowledge of the 
Spanish and Quichua languages, and also already with the most 
important Cinchona trees. Being well aware, from the nature of 
things, of the underlying difficulties, Markham earnestly insisted 
that nothing should be neglected which could ensure success. 
It was of great value that he effected the appointment of the 
distinguished botanist, Spruce, who was at that time traveling 
in Ecuador, for the obtainment of the C. succirubra, as also the 
services of Prichett, likewise resident in South America, for the 
region of Huanuco in central Peru, 10° S. latitude. A very com- 
petent gardener was afterward (1861) secured, in Cross, an original 
companion of Spruce, who collected still more of the seeds and 
young plants of the best species, and placed them with his own 
hands in India. Markham reserved for himself the border-lands 
of Peru and Bolivia, in order to obtain C, Calisaya, and for this 
purpose started from Islay in March 1860. Having arrived in the 
middle of April, by way of Arequipa and Puno, at Crucero, the 
chief city of Caravaya, he met, not far from Sandia, with the first 
thickets of C. Josephiana, then also C. boliviana, C. Calisaya and 
others. Markham thus secured for himself 456 young plants, 
which were successfully shipped at Islay, toward the end of June. 
The ripening of the seeds of the Calisaya, which takes place in 
the month of August, could not be waited for, in consequence of 
the hostile disposition of the people of the country with regard to 
the enterprise ; and in general very great difficulties were required 
to be overcome, of which the leader of the entire expedition has 
projected a picture which is as instructive as it is interesting.’ 
Further settlements of the precious plants were begun in 1861, 
at Hakgalla, in the central mountain districts of Ceylon, at an ele- 
vation of 5000 feet; in 1862 at Dardschiling (Darjeeling), in the 
southern part of Sikkim, in the southeastern Himalaya; in 1865, in 
New Zealand and upon the Australian continent, for example, in 
1866, in part through private citizens, at Brisbane (Queensland, on 
the eastern coast of Australia). As the primary central point of 
the entire undertaking, however, Utacamand (Ootacamund), be- 
tween I! and 12° N. lat., is prominent, together with its branches, 
extending as far as the southern point of the Indian peninsula, in 
part at elevations of about 8000 feet above the sea. Before the 
arrival of Markham with the first young Cinchonas from Bolivia, 
the most careful examinations, froma meteorological and geological 
_ standpoint, had led to the selection of this locality. In addition 
_ thereto, occurred the fortunate circumstance that. the plantations 
> Markham’s Reports in the Blue Books, and his monograph “ Peruvian Bark.” 
