THE CULTURE OF THE CINCHONAS. 27 
here were placed in charge of the experienced gardener, William 
Graham Mac Ivor (died June 8, 1876), who applied to his task the 
greatest zeal, and also discovered methods for the rapid multipli- 
cation of the Cinchonas. 
The plantations of Java, which in the beginning were not in a 
perfectly satisfactory condition, flourished to such an extent after 
the year 1856, under Junghuhn’s management, that in December, 
1862, there were already, at 10 different places: 1,360,000 seedlings 
and young trees, of which, however, the most valuable species 
were in the minority. The experiences in Java led to active and in 
part very bitter discussions, which were terminated on the one hand 
by the death of Junghuhn (April 20, 1864), andon the other by the 
highly meritorious analytical investigations of J. E. De Vrij. In the 
ear 1857 the latter chemist‘ was despatched by the Government 
of Holland to Java, in order to follow the entire cinchona question 
in its chemical considerations. In 1864, K. W. Van Gorkom was 
appointed superintendent of the cinchona plantations in Java, 
which at the present time are successfully directed, also in their 
chemical considerations, by J. C. Bernelot Moens. 
In September, 1866, John Broughton was appointed by the 
English Government for the chemical superintendence and direc- 
tion of the plantations at Ootacamund, and rendered very im- 
portant service until December, 1874, when, in consequence of 
disagreement with the authorities, he resigned his position. The 
vacancy thus incurred has recently been filled by the appointment 
of M. A. Lawson, professor of botany at Oxford, as superintendent 
of the government cinchona plantations.’ 
The success of the great exertions, which in the main are de- 
lineated in the above outlines, finds a living expression in the fol- 
lowing facts. On March 16, 1859 De Vrij laid before the resident 
Governor-General Pahud of Java the first crystals of sulphate of 
quinine, which he had prepared in his laboratory at Bandong, from 
bark grown by himself upon the island. Howard, of London, like- 
wise reported to Markham, in May, 1863, that he had obtained from 
500 grains (about 30 grams) of the bark of Cinchona succirubra 
grown in India the sulphates of quinine, cinchonidine and cin- 
chonine.t Furthermore, in August, 1867, the importation of Indian 
barks into London commenced ; and of the first supplies, the bark 
1 Dr. DE VrY was appointed May 6, 1857, and resigned, on account of his health, in 
September 1863. 
2 London Journal of Botany. Jan. 1883, p. 32. 
8 Written and verbal communications of my friend Dr. De Vrij. 
* Blue Book, 1866, p. 14. 
