98 CINCHONA BARKS. 
of Cinchona succirubra from the Denison plantation near Ootaca- 
mund, | have preserved a specimen.’ 
In October, 1870, the first 750 kilograms (about 1650 pounds) of 
cinchona bark from Java arrived at the Amsterdam market; a 
second portion followed in March, 1872, and since that time increas- 
ing consignments of Javanese barks arrive regularly, from year to 
year, in Holland. In the second quarter of the year 1882 the 
Government plantations in Java consisted principally of Calisaya 
Ledgeriana, comprising in the aggregate nearly 114 million 
plants.’ 
Among the very numerous points of the old and new world in 
which plantations of Cinchonas are now in progress of rich develop- 
ment, the following, with relation to the world’s market, come 
now particularly into consideration: the plantations of the English 
Government near Hakgalle in Ceylon, in the Nilagiri Hills near 
Ootacamund, as also in the promontories of the Himalaya in British 
Sikkim near Darjeeling,’ Mungpoo, Sitting and Rungbee. In the 
second place, the numerous cinchona forests of the Dutch Adminis- 
tration at Java. Independent of these State enterprises, an incentive 
has thus been given to the establishment of a large number of 
private plantations, for the condition and productions of which, 
however, no similar reports are at hand as are regularly deposited 
by the English and Dutch Administrations in their most instructive 
publications, and communicated in a liberal manner. 
Jamaica, in 1880, also began to bring cinchona barks into the 
market. 
Finally, in the native country of the Cinchonas itself, plantations 
are in progress ; for example, on the Mapiri, in the Bolivian province 
of Larecaya, and also in the Yungas (see p. 16). 
There is no deficiency of guides for the establishment and 
management of the cinchona plantations; some of the publications 
relating thereto from India are mentioned in Section XVIII, under 
the names of Bidie, Gorkom, King, Mac Ivor, and Owen, and in 
addition to these, such information has also been recently received 
from Jamaica.* | 
In India the Cinchonas have at an early date become injured by 
beetles (Melolontha) and caterpillars,’ and recently a critical enemy 
 Pharmacographia, 2 edition, p. 351, Note 2. 
_ _? The recent volcanic eruptions in Java (August, 1883) are reported to have pro- 
duced great destruction among the cinchona plantations. (F. B. P). 
* At an elevation of 2113 meters (6930 feet) above the sea, and since 1882 in railroad 
communication with Calcutta, 
* Pharm. Fourn. XII (1882), 748. 
‘§ Blue Book, 1866, p. 170. 
