32 CINCHONA BARKS. 
over the pathless mountains is attended with great difficulties, 
which frequently forbid the employment of direct routes ; in most 
cases also serving to prevent the exportation of bad barks, which 
would not repay coilection. Karsten, as also Wellcome, thus ex- 
plains the reasons which occasionally compel the bark dealers of 
the upper Cauca valley, in the districts of Popayan, Pitayo, 
Almaguer, and Pasto, not to take the route to the nearest seaport 
of Buenaventura, and not directly to descend the Cauca, with its 
numerous cataracts, but rather the elevated passes of Quindiu 
(nearly 4000 meters = 1300 feet above the level of the sea) and 
Huanacas in the valley of the Magdalena river. But also upon 
the latter a relading must take place near Honda, before the barks 
can continue their voyage to Baranquilla, at the mouth of the river, 
and reach the near seaports of Sabanilla and Carthagena. The 
export from these Columbian places has recently become very 
significant. 
It is only exceptionally that cinchona barks, for instance those 
from Huanuco on the Ucayali and other tributaries of the Ama- 
zon, have been conveyed to the Atlantic coast, to Para.’ ; 
In the year 1819 Calisaya bark was conveyed by land along the 
Paraguay and its tributaries, or down the stream, to Buenos 
Ayres.” 
For Ecuador the ports of Esmeraldas and Guayaquil are of im- 
portance, while the export from the more central ports of Peru is 
less considerable. The southern ports, Islay, Iquique, and especially 
Arica, receive the barks from Carabaya and the high valleys ( Yus- 
gas) of Bolivia. 
The regular settlements of Cinchonas, which are now in a state 
of progressive development in many lands, especially in India, ad- 
mit of much more rational management, and a planless felling and 
stripping of the trees is there out of the question. 
With regard to the collection of the barks, two methods are 
competitive in their claims for superiority—the treatment with moss, 
_or “mossing,” and the felling system, or “coppicing.” The former 
consists in separating from the stem vertical strips of bark, only 
about 4 centimeters (11% inches) in width, and afterwards envelop- 
ing the stem in moss. The bark renews itself very speedily on 
the denuded places, becomes stronger than before, and even richer 
in alkaloid. In India, clay is now beginning to be employed instead 
* Compare Howard's description of such a direct importation of cinchona bark into 
England, Seeman’s Fournal of Botany, V1 (1868), p. 323; also my essay in Vorwerk's 
Neues Fahrbuch fiir Pharmacie, XXX1 (1869), p. 15. 
7 H. von Bergen, Monogr. der China, p. 287. 
