34 CINCHONA BARKS. 
neglected, have uniformly revealed themselves to be remarkably 
rich in alkaloid. 
It can only be conclusively decided by longer experience whether 
coppicing or mossing is permanently entitled to preference. 
Further information on this subject is contained, among others, in 
the English Blue Book on the Indian Cinchona plantations of 1877. 
Broughton has shown that the amount of alkaloids appears to 
diminish somewhat upon drying. He finds it most advisable to 
dry the bark without delay, but at the lowest possible tempera- 
ture.’ In Java the employment of artificial heat has been consid- 
ered. The moisture contained in fresh Indian barks may easily 
amount to over 70 per cent.; the bark which is used for exporta- 
tion, compared with the powdered bark dried at 120°C. (248°F.), 
retains on an average, according to the determinations of Bernelot 
Moens, 13.5 per cent. of water. 
SECTION VII. 
APPEARANCE AND ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE CINCHONA BARKS. 
With regard to the development of the bark, the Cinchonas show 
some distinctions. Many are distinguished from an early age by 
an abundant exfoliation of the outer surface. This is especially the 
case in C. Calisaya, with its bork scales attaining as much as 1 centi- 
meter (3¢-inch) in thickness, and also in C. micrantha, while in 
others a voluntary ejection of the cork or bork takes place toa 
less extent, and in these it is not so readily removed, even by 
beating. 
Other species succumb to the peculiar bork formation only at an 
advanced age, and only on the lower portions of the stem and on 
the root. 
In the barks of younger stems or branches, a grayish, sometimes 
light, sometimes blackish color predominates; the outer surface of 
thicker stems, on the contrary, displays a more characteristic brown, 
yellow or reddish color, which is particularly prominent after the 
removal of the corky layers. Although differences in the tint of 
the bark may be produced by the locality, and especially by the 
manner of drying, yet Karsten nevertheless gives prominence to 
the permanency of their inner fundamental color on the stem, and 
on the branches and twigs of the same species. 
: In the fresh condition, however, these colors are very pale, and 
it is only after peeling, and especially upon drying, that they fully 
* Blue Book, 1870, p. 239. 
