52 CINCHONA BARKS. 
its appearance at elevations of 1600 feet, and the best bark is only 
stripped at elevations of from 2200 and 3200, or even as much as 
4200 feet, as was reported to me in November, 1881 and in Feb- 
ruary, 1882 by Dr. Chas. A. Robbins of New York, from personal 
observations. Only a small portion of the root-bark is collected 
with the other; and in the wide surroundings of Bucaramanga the 
trees of this variety of Cinchona are now quite completely felled. 
A to some extent similar bark from other districts, e. ¢., from Tolli- 
ma, in about 5° N. lat., in the upper Magdalena valley, has been 
proved to contain but little alkaloid. 20,000 colli (serons) of the 
same, which were thrown upon the market in 1882, afforded either 
extremely little, or atthe most from 0.8 to 1.5 percent. of quinine. The 
derivation of this Zo/zma bark has not been determined. From an 
anatomical point of view, I find it to agree with common Cuprea 
bark; it yielded to Dr. Kerner (1882) 1.778 per cent. of crystallized 
sulphate of quinine. 
Of late years, and especially until August 1881, the copper- 
colored Cinchona has been brought to Europe in ever increasing 
amounts. Among the 100,000 col/i (serons), of South American 
product, which were imported into London in 1881, there were over 
60,000 colli of “Cuprea,” of which, moreover, more than 5500 col/z 
found their way to France. Cinchona cuprea, according to its 
structure (Plate VIII), belongs to the previously considered false 
Cinchona barks, but, in consequence of the alkaloids which it 
contains, forms a very remarkable exception. The cork is formed 
of thick-walled cells (Plate VIII, e. f.), which are distinguished in 
the most striking manner from the much wider, and always delicate- 
walled, tabular cells of the cork of true Cinchonas (Plate VIII, A. 
C.e.) This fact is the more remarkable, since the bark of Remijia 
Hilarii, for example, appears to possess delicate-walled cork cells. 
Furthermore, the largest part of the tissue of Cinchona cuprea is 
seen to have become converted into sclerenchyma. In the outer 
bark (0) already, there are numerous groups of unelongated 
sclerotic cells (k) interspersed ; and on the boundary of the bast 
there are found isolated lacticiferous ducts (p), which, indeed, are 
wanting in very many pieces. The bast consists toa predominating 
extent of thickened, simple, somewhat short, unpointed fibres (s), 
which, therefore, when observed longitudinally (Plate VII, sr). 
deviate entirely from the bast fibres of true Cinchona barks. Only 
the staff cells, mentioned on p. 37, are similar to the fibres of Cin- 
-chona cuprea, The bast of the latter contains, moreover, shortened 
sclerenchyma cells, as well as the outer bark. It is only in the 
* Miller, Baumrinden p. 137 (Remijia Vellozii). 
