82 CINCHONA BARKS. 
Wellcome* shares the opinion, which he heard from the natives, 
that their ancestors were acquainted with the Cinchona bark before 
the Spanish conquest, although it has not been met with as yet in 
the ancient tombs of the Incas, as, ¢. g., is the case with coca 
leaves. The reverse conviction, which is universally prevalent, is 
explained by Wellcome from the fact that it was the endeavor of 
the Spanish conquerors to appropriate to themselves all such hon- 
ors. Digressive views have, however, also become current. Sincethe 
Peruvians adhere with the greatest tenacity to transmitted customs, 
and even at the present time do not employ Cinchona, but, on the 
contrary, regard it with fear, Humboldt? concludes that the case 
must have been similar with their ancestors. Markham,? who 
traveled through Peru in 1859, confirms the statement that the 
wallets of the native itinerant doctors,‘ who, according to a very 
ancient custom prevailing throughout the entire country, travel 
from the mouth of the Rio de la Plata to Ecuador, do not contain 
cinchona bark, although these still highly celebrated “ Botanicos 
del Imperio de los Incas,” also called Chivitmanos or Collahuayas, 
live in the West Bolivian province of Munecas, in the region of 
the best Cinchona trees. There prevails in general, as Péppig 
(1830) and Spruce (1859) found,’ precisely in the Cinchona dis- 
tricts, a strong repugnance to this remedy, even in Guayaquil. 
The most probable view, however, is afforded that the earliest 
knowledge of Cinchona remained confined to the neighborhood of 
Loxa. Although the Spaniards were firmly located there as early as 
the middle of the sixteenth century, their earliest authors from that 
district are silent in regard to the Cinchona, even to the commence- 
ment of the seventeenth century. Here, in the village of Malaca- 
tos, a traveling Jesuit is said to have been cured by a cacigue ® of 
a fever by means of cinchona, and to have extended a knowledge 
of the remedy. To the same place and the same remedy the 
Spanish corregidor of Loxa, Don Juan Lopez de Canizares, is said 
to owe his recovery from intermittent fever, in 1630. 
1 Proc. Amer. Pharm. Assoc., 1879, p. 830. 
? Page 60 of the essay mentioned on p. 24, Note 2. Also a manuscript seen by Ch. 
P. von Martius, entitled ‘‘ Memoria sobre el estado de las Quinas en particular sobre la 
de Loxa,” which was written between the years 1803 and 1809, notices the intense preju- 
dice of the Indians against the use of the “ Cascarilla.”—Bu//etin der Miinchener Akad- 
emie, 1846, No. 55; Gelehrte Anzeigen, p. 342. 
_* Clements R. Markham. ‘ Two Journeys in Peru,” 1862, 2. The German Transla- 
tion, Leipsic, 1865, 186. 
* Compare Beck, in Petermann’s Geogr. Mittheilungen, 1866, p. ; also Markham, 
“ Peruvian Bark,”’ 162. el hes heel Hg 
_ > Compare also the Blue Book, 1863, p..75. 
® Priest of the worshipers of the sun. _- 
