MORE RECENT HISTORY OF THE CINCHONA BARKS. 87 
described Cinchona tree is the Cinchona officinalis, Var. a or 
Uritusinga of the present day. Jussieu, the botanist of the above- 
mentioned French expedition, who was moreover also an engineer 
and physician, collected likewise, in 17 39, near Loxa, a Cinchona— 
the subsequent C. pubescens Vah/. Mutis also soon received what 
was presumably the same, from the same district, and sent it to 
Linnzus. The latter, in honor of the Countess Chinchon, as shown 
on page 18, did not name the genus Chinchona, but CGnchona. 
This orthography has also found universal acceptance, and, in 1866, 
was even sanctioned by a resolution of the International Botanical 
Congress at London.*’ Markham, to whom we are indebted for a 
handsome publication,’ dedicated to the memory of the Countess 
Chinchon, had effectuated that the English authorities at first made 
use of the orthography Chinchona. 
In the beginning of the eighteenth century the commerce in 
barks at Loxa was already much developed; and it was necessary 
for good barks to be recommended by a certificate of their origin 
from this locality. In Payta (5°S. lat.), the nearest port, an exam- 
ination of the bark for adulterations was already established. 
In 1752 the “ Superintendente general de la moneda,” superin- 
tendent of the mint at Santa Fé, Don Miguel Santisteban, was 
delegated to go to Loxa, in order to organize the commerce in Cin- 
chona bark. He reported thereon, in 1755, to the respective ad- 
ministration, ‘Estanco de Cascarilla,’ and added that he had met 
on the way with Cinchona trees. Among these, according to 
Triana,* was also the present Cinchona cordifolia, which Santisteban 
had found between Pasta and Barruecos, in the southwestern part 
of New Granada. He brought specimens of the plant with him 
for Mutts, who visited Santa Fé in 1761. 
José Celestino Mutis, who was born at Cadiz in 1732, arrived in 
1760 at Carthagena, in New Granada, with the newly-appointed 
viceroy, the Marquis de Vega, as his physician,’ and soon found an 
opportunity to make application of his botanical knowledge in the 
exploration of the flora of that country. He first started from 
1 Howard, Observations on the present state of our knowledge of the genus Ciachona. 
yeep a the Internat. Horticult. Exhibition and Botanical Congress, held in 
London, 1866, p. 195-223. Abstracted in the Archiv der Pharm., 130 (1867), p. 91, and 
more completely in Buchner’s Refertor fiir Pharm., 17 (1868), p. 65. 
2 Title under section 18, No. 22. 
& Pharmacographia, second edition, p. 345. 
4 Etudes, title under section 18. Also Humboldt, p. 113, of the essay mentioned on 
p- 24, note 2. a co 
5 In 1772 Mutis entered a religious order, and afterward became a teacher of mathe- 
matics and astronomy at Santa Fé de Bogota, where he died, on the 2d of September, 
