90 CINCHONA BARKS. 
arrived at Madrid about the year 1820, and has remained deposited 
there,‘ Ruiz published in the Quzxologza, and in 1801, conjointly 
with Pavon, ina supplement thereto, the most important results re- 
lating to the Cinchonas. The material left by the latter has served 
in our day for the foundation of the magnificent work of Howard. 
(See section 18, No. 9). 
The investigations of these botanists, to which we are indebted for 
the first knowledge of most of the Cinchonas, led to a revolution in the 
commercial relations of the barks, in that, gradually, about the year 
1785, central and southern Peru, as also New Granada, entered 
into competition with the district of Loxa, and began to export 
barks by way of Callao and the ports located on the Caribbean 
Sea. 
The selection of the barks which were at that time preferred 
was confined to the barks of the branches and twigs, although Con- 
damine had himself ascertained in Loxa that originally the strongest, 
and thus, presumably, the trunk barks, had been more highly valued. 
The greater difficulty of drying experienced with the thick trunk 
barks presumably contributed thereto that the collectors directed 
their attention more to the bark of the twigs. The Paris druggist, 
Pomet, expressly recommended only the “petites écorces fines, 
noiratres et chagrinées au dessus, parsemées de quelques mousses 
blanches . . . . .” and likewise, in 1724, in the London 
market, according to the druggist, Berlu,? the thick, flat trunk barks 
were valued much less than the barks of the twigs. After the dis- 
covery of the cinchona alkaloids it was shown that the trunk barks, 
particularly the flat Calisaya, were usually richer in quinine, so that 
these were again more highly prized until, namely, Calisaya 
Ledgeriana furnished the proof that also in young barks much 
quinine can be formed. | 
After the discovery of quinine and cinchonine the botanical and 
pharmacognostical investigation of the Cinchonas also received 
a new impulse, which was due, e. g., to the labors of Laubert, 
Lambert, and particularly in 1826 to Heinrich von Bergen’s 
‘Versuch einer Monographie der Chinarinden.” As a drug- 
broker in Hamburg, this industrious man, in his work, not only 
made application of a practical experience extending through 
many years, but also in other considerations placed everything 
1 Planchon, Quinguinas, p. 14. 
® Histoire générale des Drogues. 1694, p. 133. 
* The treasury of drugs unlock'd. London, 1724 (first edition, 1690), “Cortex peruanus, 
Jesuits’ bark, China China, Cascarello, Cortex Patrum, from smaller twigs ; that which is 
very thick and flat is nothing near so good.” . 
