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65 



eloiii^ak'd, oval, with narrow stalk-like base (this has on its under aspect a forked 

 process directed I'orwards); the anterior end is cartilaginous and a cartilaginous 

 axis is continued throughout the whole of its length. Behind this begins a contin- 

 uous cartilaginous rod, which extends in between the front ends of the gill-arches 

 IV; it contains 2 ossilied copulæ (or basibranchials); the (irst (col) arises on the 

 ventral side in front as a spur and extends almost from the middle of the hypo- 

 branchials of arch / to near the middle of the hypobranchials of arch II; the 

 second [coll) reaches to the posterior edge of hypobranchials ///. There is no 

 copula between the cartilaginous, basal ends of arch IV, which meet together in 

 the middle line; but immediately behind these there is a small, unpaired piece of 

 cartilage {colli), to which the cartilaginous, basal end of arch F, the lower pha- 

 ryngeal, is attached. 



The whole branchial apparatus is elongated, even the part lying above the 

 pharynx; in consequence, all parts are more easily observed than is the case in 

 many other fishes; any incompleteness or imperfection in the various parts in 

 comparison with other fishes which might justify Cope's name "Hemibranchii" 

 does not exist; in all essential regards it agrees with the condition in for example 

 an Acanthopterygian such as Sebastes. The first three gill-arches each consist of 

 4 parts; the by pobranchial (Inj) is short, broad; seen from above it is more or 

 less distinctly 8-sidcd, largest in arch /, shortest in arch ///; as is generally the case 

 in other lishes the hypobranchial /// has a forwards projecting process or keel on 

 the under side; it is absent from arches IV and V^ The cera tobran ch ial (c) is 

 the longest bone, with cartilaginous upper and lower ends; ceratobranchial IV has a 

 longer, lower cartilaginous end than tlie others, meeting directly with the corres- 

 ponding part from the opposite side, thus taking the place of the absent hypo- 

 branchial IV. As is generally the case in bony fishes the ceratobranchial composes 

 the whole of arch V, here it has proximally a small cartilaginous end, distally 

 (upper) a fairly large, somewhat broadened cartilaginous end; the surface towards 

 the pharynx is beset with teeth. The epibranchial (e) / is short, broad, with the 

 upper thickened margin cartilaginous and extending 

 over the outer margin of the pharyngobranchial //. 

 The epibranchial // is somewhat curved over the 

 throat; at the bend it sends out an upward process 

 (an indication of a similar process is found on epi- 

 branchial /). The distal part lying over the throat 

 ends in a rounded cartilaginous border connected 

 with the pharyngeals II and ///. Epibranchial /// 

 has a similar form, but its upward process is much 

 longer and articulates with the corresponding pro- 

 cess on epibr. IV; its distal main part ends in a 

 cartilaginous border, connected with the adjacent 



pharyngeal /// and also touches the pharyngeal IV; owing to the length of the 



9' 



Fig. 18. 

 Aniphisilc sciil<ila. r|)|i.'r pharj iigenl 1)0- 

 ncs ip/i' p/i" ' iiml i-pibraiichials (c'— c"', 

 Willi llu' upper rnd.s of the ceratobran- 

 c-hials ir'- r'") ; liHhl side, seen from williin 

 and somewhat Ijelow. A portion of the 

 mucous memliraur witli j>ill-ral;ers is also 



