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which helong to tlie unarnioured portion of the vertehrai column, are segmented, 

 as is the rule in fishes, and provided with strong tendons attached to the trans- 

 verse processes of these verlebræ. The vtntro-Iateral muscles are only completely 

 developed in the same region; furlher forward there is but a weaker part which 

 extends forward under the armour towards the posterior end of the swim-bladder; 

 the uppermost portions of this also have strong tendons, attached lo the Iransverse 

 processes of the 2 hindmost abdominal vertebræ. Otherwise the whole abdominal 

 wall within the armour is reduced to a thin membrane. 



The musculature for the anal, 2nd dorsal and caudal fins is well-developed; 

 in the last the muscles to the lowermost ray on the upper hypural bone and to 

 the uppermost i-ay on the lower hypural are specially strong. On the other hand 

 Ihe muscles for the 1st dorsal fin are atrophied, as true rays are wanting with 

 exception of the spinous ray in punctiilata and strigata; the two pairs of muscles 

 for this ray have already been described. 



Ampliisile sciilnla. Viscera seen from the lefl side, no: anria: c: heart; o;;: artery of lefl pectoral 



fin; cp: l<*fl posterior cardinal vein; ith: hei>atic vein; vp: vein of left jïeeloral tin; oe: oesophagus 



(and stomach); i: intestine; r: rectum; h: liver; (i: f;!i"-l'laddcr : hil: bile-duct; s: swim-bladder; 



re : kidney ; go : ovary. 



I may add, that the arrangement of the musculature can in Ihe main be 

 studied without preparation, being seen through the skin. 



The muscles seen through the skin over the base of the 1st dorsal fin do 

 not belong to this, but to the 2nd dorsal; most of the fibres are collected in a Hat 

 tendon to the ui)permost interspinous bone (* fig. 1, PI. II) of the latter. 



The muscles for the pectoral fins are specially strong, corresponding to the 

 considerable size of the pectoral girdle. The musculature of the pelvic region was 

 described above, as also the muscle of the long tendon to the urohyal ; the poster- 

 ior, strong part of this is attached with its dorsal fibres lo the postclavicle. 



The pharynx is well provided with papillæ of fairly considerable size. 



There are 4 complete gills on each side (i.e. a double row of laminæ on 

 each of the arches I — IV) and a large pseud o branch i a; the last is placed along 

 the posterior border of the hyomandibular and is composed of numerous, well- 



