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identical phenomenon is to be found in green as well as in etiolated plants [Josing 

 p. 197 seq.]. Rothert has performed similar experiments, but he did not succeed 

 in demonstrating that light has any influence upon the anaesthetic effects of 

 narcotics. 



The effect of etherization upon the transpiration has been examined by 

 several students. We shall mention the principal results of their researches: 

 H. Jumelle distinguishes between a transpiration localized in the chlorophyll bodies 

 and another one, localized outside the latter. The energy which the chloroplaslids 

 receive from the sunrays, and which is used in light partially for the assimilation 

 of carbon dioxide, is entirely used to bring about the transpiration which is 

 accordingly accelerated, when the assimilation is suspended by anaesthetics. How- 

 ever the transpiration is reduced in darkness [Jumelle 1890, p. 417 and 1891, 

 p. 241—248, p. 293—305], and Lommen reached the same result [Lommen p. 28]. 

 On the contrary Schneider was of opinion that an atmosphere of ether always 

 reduces transpiration [Schneider p. 56—59], while Woods thinks that plants 

 which have received a dose of ether always have an accelerated transpira- 

 tion both in light and in darkness [Woods p. 304-310]. Finally Dixon has found 

 that ether and chloroform reduce transpiration, but the evaporation of water in a 

 glass being arrested in the same degree by the above mentioned substances, he 

 thinks that the reduction is produced by an entirely physical phenomenon and 

 concludes through this that transpiration is the same phenomenon as evaporation, 

 a theory which is also subscribed to by Woods [Dixon p. 018—626]. 



Bouchardat is the first who made a distinction between vital and chemical 

 processes. He examined the influence of ether [and other substances] upon the 

 different processes and came to the conclusion : "... Ainsi nous voyons — l'éther 

 sulfurique, l'alcool, la créosote . . . anéantir ou ralentir la fermentation alcoolique 

 et ne s'opposer nullement à la fermentation glucosique, salygénique et benzoïque. 

 Ces faits ne nous conduisent-ils pas à admettre que la fermentation alcoolique 

 diffère complètement, sous un rapport important, des autres fermentations dont 

 nous nous sommes occupés? La fermentation alcoolique est intimement liée à "la 

 vie des globules" ; les fermentations glucosique, salygénique, benzoique sont indé- 

 pendantes de cette circonstance [Bouchardat 1845, p. 67]. 30 years later Müntz 

 also tried to prove a difference between vital and chemical processes and examined 

 a great many cases of the latter using chloroform, and he found as follows: "Le 

 chloroforme empêche absolument toute fermentation concomitante de la vie; il est 

 absolument sans influence sur les fermentations d'ordre chimique" [Müntz p. 1251]. 

 Also Claude Bernard shared this view; he termed these substances "les réactifs 

 naturels de toute substance vivante." He is of opinion that all vital processes are 

 retarded or quite arrested by the action of these substances, while the chemical 

 processes are not at all i-etarded; on the contrary they may even be accelerated. 



