ENTOMOLOGY. 157 



while only 2.5 per cent were saved from worms which would have 

 entered the side of the apple. It therefore appears that 1.5 per cent 

 of the worms entering from the side and S3 per cent of those attempting 

 to enter the calyx were killed. It would seem, therefore, that the spray 

 must be applied while it is still possible for the poison to enter the 

 cah'x cup in order to be most effective. 



Observations were made upon the variation in the length of time 

 during which the calyx remains open in different varieties of apples. 

 This period varied from 6 to 10 days. The results o))tained in Idaho 

 would indicate that later applications of Paris green would be less 

 effective than the first one, since only a small proportion of worms 

 which attempted to enter the sides of apples were destroyed. 



The author conducted experiments in banding trees for the purpose 

 of catching the larvte of the codling moth. Two bands of Canton 

 flannel were placed 8 inches apart on the trunk of each tree. A table 

 is given showing the number of worms caught during the different 

 parts of the season. The highest record for a tree was 101 worms, 

 and the average number of worms caught on 10 trees was about 215. 



On one tree 5 bands were placed for the purpose of determining the 

 relative proportion between worms which crawl down the trunk and 

 those which fall to the ground and crawl up the trunk. Worms were 

 caught under all the bands, and the experiment was therefore unsuc- 

 cessful in keeping the worms .separate. The upper band caught about 

 twice as many worms as either of the intermediate ones and almost 

 twice as many as the lower one, indicating that the great majority of 

 worms crawl down the tree. 



It would appear from these experiments that the majorit}^ of wormy 

 apples which fall have no worms in them at the time, and that possi- 

 bly the advantage derived from having hogs in the orchard for the 

 purpose of eating windfalls has been overestimated. 



The elms and their diseases, H. Garman {Kentucky Sta. Bid. 

 8Jf-^ l^p. 51-75, 2>^-^- l-^)- — The author gives brief notes on the appearance 

 and distribution in the State of the following species of elms: Vlmus 

 amerlcana, U. fulva, U. racemosa, U. alata, U. camjJestris, and ZL 

 montana. 



Among the white elms a serious disease has been observed since 

 1892. The first symptom of the disease is a loss of the leaves at the 

 end of the twigs. As the disease progresses the foliage graduall}" 

 falls from other parts of the tree until the tree is bare. Small, red, 

 warty pustules, Avhich represent a fungus, are often to be observed on 

 the bark of these trees, l)ut this fungus docs not invade the wood of 

 vigorous trees. The twigs are frequently attacked hy the buffalo tree 

 hopper, and the inner layer of bark Avas found to be eaten by a flat- 

 headed grub which resembled the grub of the flat-headed apple-tree 

 borer. In August, 1809, two white elm trees on the college grounds 



