ENTOMOLOGY. 267 



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select secluded places for pupation, either within the sheaths of the 

 upper leaves or in the sheaths of leaves at the base of the stem. The 

 dui-ation of the pupal stage in the first generation is from 6 to 8 days. 

 The various stages of the insect are described in a technical manner. 

 Two forms of adult females are to be observed, one with wings and 

 the other with only short wing pads. 



About 08 per cent of the hiljernating adults are wingless and from 

 90 to 95 per cent of the first spring generation develop wings. The 

 females deposit eggs and young larvffi are to be found on the grass 

 until winter, but only adults survive the winter. Specimens survived 

 after being exposed to a temperature of 21° F. below zero. The 

 laboratory work indicates that there are 8 or 9 generations per year, the 

 length of the life cycle varying from 30 da3's for the first generation 

 to 12 da3^s during hot weather. No males were found, and it is believed 

 that the species is parthenogenetic. 



The adult insects feed upon the leaves of grass and are seldom found 

 within the sheaths. The larvee, on the other hand, seek more pro- 

 tected places for feeding. The greatest damage is done b}' this insect 

 to June grass {^Poa fratenslii)^ timothy, and barnyard grass, but a con- 

 siderable variety of other grasses are attacked. The females hibernate 

 above ground and it is, therefore, suggested that burning in earl}'' 

 spring would destroy great numbers of them. It was also observed 

 that the injury from this insect was most severe on worn-out meadows 

 and on fields that had been seeded for many years and had become 

 partly exhausted. The author recommends, therefore, the application 

 of fertilizers and deep plowing of old fields, to be followed with a 

 cultivated crop for at least one year l)efore reseeding. 



Codling moth ; a -wasp that destroys the apple -worni, U. P. 

 Hkdrick {[JtaJt, Sta. Bui. 6'^, pp. 31-1^2, fiqx. 7). — The author's experi- 

 ments in spraying for the codling moth have led to the conclusion that 

 in Utah 1 sprayings are advisable for summer apples and (3 for winter 

 apples, and that white arsenic is more effective than Paris green even 

 when the latter is unadulterated. 



The solution used in these experiments was made as follows: White 

 arsenic 1 lb., unslacked lime 2 lbs., water 3 gal., the mixture to be 

 diluted in 200 gal. of water. The applications were made on the fol-. 

 lowing dates: June 6, June 21-22, July 11-12, July 24-25, August 

 13-14:, and a sixth spraying during the first week of September. The 

 cost of the applications was about 25 cts. per tree. A table is given 

 showing the number of trees of each variety sprayed and the number 

 of wormy and sound apples gathered from these trees. The experi- 

 ments were conducted upon 20 varieties of apples. 



The author made observations upon a digger wasp i^Ainniophila 

 prunosa) which was observed preying upon the codling moth in an 

 orchard near Logan. The wasps occupied 2 areas of about 4 and 1 sq. 



