ENTOMOLOGY. 579 



spra}' by striking against the projecting parts of the nozzle. Class lY. 

 Nozzles in which a I'otary motion is given to the liquid in a chamber 

 near the outlet. Class V. Nozzles in which the liquid escapes in 2 

 converging streams which, acting upon each other, break the liquid 

 into a spra3% 



In determining the height of spray, no account was taken of the 

 highest point to which isolated drops were thrown, but an attempt was 

 made to establish what is called the spraying distance, or the distance 

 from the mouth of the nozzle to the point where the bulk of the spra}' 

 is best broken up. It was found practically impossible to determine 

 in what shape the spray is most desirable. The most essential points 

 seemed to be the securing of a spray which, when passed at a uniform 

 rate over any surface, will cover every part touched with a film of 

 liquid of equal thickness. In order to compare the different nozzles 

 with reference to this matter, they were made to throw a spray at the 

 spraying distance of each one down into galvanized-iron boxes 6 in. 

 square, which were placed closely side by side. In each case the fluid 

 was allowed to run until those cans which received most were nearly 

 full. 



For determining the size of the drops thrown by difl^erent nozzles, 

 a barrel and a half of brownish -black ink was made with logwood and 

 the spray was directed against blank sheets of paper placed at the best 

 distance for each nozzle. The papers were then photographed. 



The quantity of water discharged by the different nozzles was deter- 

 mined in quarts per minute at a pressure of 30 lbs. 



In testing the matter of clogging a 6-lb. Bordeaux mixture was used, 

 and it was found that when this mixture was carefully and cleanly 

 prepared none of the nozzles clogged during the 5 minutes which were 

 allowed for the test. 



Tests showed that many otherwise excellent nozzles had the disad- 

 vantage of dribbling to a considerable extent. 



The question of durability is one not easv to determine, since in 

 most cases it will be considered better to bu}" a new nozzle than to 

 continue the use of one which has become defective through wear. 



The author states that no general-purpose nozzle has Ijeen perfected. 

 The choice of a nozzle must necessarily depend largely upon the kind 

 of Avork for which it is to be used. One of the most important points 

 in determining the choice of a nozzel is the distance to which the spray 

 must be throwni. 



Bees and bee culture, A. Kunakhovich {Sel-^k. Khoz. i Lyesov., 195 {1899), Oct., 

 pp. 14-5-210; Nov., }>]>. 327-406, figs. 50). — An elaborate discussion of the problems 

 connected with apicultnre, including the anatomy of the bee, varieties of bees, bee 

 food, bee products, breeding of bees, natural swarming, artificial swarming, removal 

 of queens, a system of apiculture with 2 queens in each hive, an economical study of 

 apiculture, honey plants, etc. 



