FOODS AL'IMA.L PRODUCTION. 669 



weeks gained 1,8 lbs. per day. Those fed about a half ounce of cod- 

 liver oil in addition to separator skim milk gained 1.6 lbs. per day; 

 while those fed separator skim milk and a mixture of linseed meal, oat 

 meal, rice meal and locust-bean meal, 2:1:1:1 (so-called calf meal), 

 gained 1.3 lbs. per head daily. 



"The result of the experiment indicates that cod-liver oil can be recommended 

 with some confidence as a substitute for cream and also for meal in rearing cahes, 

 but caution should be exercised in the use of cheap brands of cod-liver oil ; in the 

 above experiments the oil used was of the very best quality. No experiments were 

 made to demonstrate whether more than 2 oz. of oil per day would be beneficial. 

 A larger quantity appeared to keep the bowels too open, but this looseness of the 

 bowels seemed to be quite distinct from ordinary scour, inasmuch as the calves were 

 not unthrifty." 



The value of -whole milk for the production of veal, H. Hayward 



{Penmylvania Sta. Jijjt. 1899^ 2^P- lJt''2-159). — Details are given of 2 

 tests of the value of whole milk for calves. In the first test 6 calves 

 from 3 to 11 da3^s old, ranging in weight from 59 to 85 lbs. at the 

 beginning of the trial, were fed. The average weekly gain ranged 

 from 9.1 to 16 lbs. in the first 4 weeks. Up to this time the calves had 

 consumed on an average 393.2 lbs. of milk containing 17.5 lbs. of 

 fat. If they had been sold at this time at li cts. a pound, the author 

 calculates that they would have brought $4. 73 per calf, an equivalent 

 of $1.20 per hundred for the milk consumed. "If the amount of but- 

 ter fed the calves during this period is estimated in the usual way by 

 adding 12^ per cent to the butter fat, the equivalent price of butter 

 would have been 21 cts. per pound." The feeding was continued for 



4 weeks longer, the average weekl}^ gain being 12^, 13.8, 6.75 and 13.2 

 lbs. , respectively. The amount of milk required per pound ranged 

 from 7.4 to 18.1 lbs., and the amount of fat from 0.38 to 0.77 lb. Two 

 of the calves were sold at the end of the sixth week of the test, 2 at 

 the end of the seventh, and the remaining 2 at the close of the trial. 



On the basis of the data obtained in this and the following tests the 

 author calculates the relative value of butter fat when made into but- 

 ter or when used for the production of veal, when this ranges from 4 

 to 6i cts. per pound. . 



A second test was made with 8 calves weighing from 58 to 80 lbs. at 

 the beginning of the trial, the calves being fed whole milk from about 



5 to 7 weeks. According to the author, "with a feeding period a lit- 

 tle over 6 weeks in length, the average veal calves paid 95.7 cts. per 

 hundred for milk testing approximately 4.05 per cent, or 20.9 cts. for 

 butter thus consumed. The average yearly price paid for butter on 

 the Elgin Board of Trade in 1898 was 18.8 cts. If from this is 

 deducted the cost of making, the net price will be a little more than 

 15 cts., or about 6 cts. less per pound than could be obtained for it if 

 fed to veals and sold at 4^ cts. per pound at 6 weeks of age." 



From the 2 tests the followino- conclusions are drawn: "New whole 



