THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITIES 



329 



fixed point. Cooper (1924) has constructed a stand for photographing 

 permanent areas from above (Fis- 166). 



Inula 

 grandis 



Eremurus 

 spectabilis 



>sl^ 



Rosa 



'^ Couslnia 



psaido- .^^^ ^^^^^^ 



molhs 

 Fig. 165. — Quadrat in the central Asiatic steppe (30 sq. m.). (After KuUiassoff.) 



Stipa 

 caragana 



Convolvulus 

 subhirsutus 



Fhlomis 

 salici folia 



Scabiosa 

 songarica 



The estabUshment of permanent areas for investigation is neither 

 always possible nor universally desirable. In very many cases the 



