332 



PLANT SOCIOLOGY 



forest but rather the P. cemhro-Larix forest, are confirmed by the 

 prolonged study of permanent quadrats in the region.^ 



Presentation of Social Development. — In presenting material on 

 succession the utmost simplicity and clearness are desirable. One 

 should avoid whenever possible schemes with lines that cross one 

 another. It is better to divide a chart than to overload it. 



A common method of expressing succession is one in which arrows 

 show the course of development, as in Table 38. 



Table 38. — Land-forming Sere of Schoenetum Nigricantis in Northern 



Switzerland 

 (After W. Koch) 

 Fagetum (climax) 



Picea stage 



Alnus glutinosa forest 



1 



Frangula-Salix dnerea scrub 



Molinietum coeruleae 



I 



Schoenetum schoenetosum ferruginei 



V I 



Schoenetum nigricantis typicum ^ 



t 



Caricetum 

 lasiocarpae 



Caricetum 

 elatae 



Schoenetum eleocharetosum 

 pauciflorae 



t 



Carex lepidocarpa 

 stage 



Mariscus serratus 

 stage 



A. Submersed origin 



B. Emersed origin 



The normal course of development of this succession in northern 

 Switzerland as it originates from calcareous springs, pools, and ponds is 

 shown by the heavy arrows (see also Table 37). 



> These and other methods for studying successions have been summarized 

 by Liidi (1930). 



