l6o REVISION OF THE PELYCOSAURIA. 



specialized C/ielydosaiiria direct from tlie Cotylosatiria^ au order which has 

 not been recognized in Europe, and the specialized family EdaphosauridcB 

 with its suggestion of ancestral relations to the Placodontia. 



After the Permian time, in early Triassic, Anomodonts appear in Africa, 

 India, and Scotland, and Williston reports their possible occurrence in the 

 Triassic of Wyoming (132). (Cope's Dicynodon rosmants from the Trias of 

 Pennsylvania is more probably a Dinosaur fragment.) Pareiasaurido' are 

 mingled in the Triassic of Central Europe with Pelj^cosaurian I'emains, 

 Sclerosaurus armattis with Ctenosaunis and Anoiiiosannis. This evidence 

 is too feeble to be more than suggestive, but taken for what it is worth it 

 indicates the possible closer union of the two great masses in Triassic than 

 Permian time. 



The geological range of the Pclycosauria in North America is seemingly 

 through the Permian and dying out before the Triassic, but our knowledge 

 of the age of the beds in which the remains occur is far from perfect. In 

 the southwest portion of the United States, where the bones occur in the 

 greatest abundance, they are found in the so-called "Red Beds," which have 

 been the cause of much controversy relative to their exact position. It is 

 not within the scope of this work to discuss the age of the beds in which 

 the Pelycosauria occur, nor have the facts brought out in this study aided 

 greatly to clear up the matter ; that will be helped only when a more nearly 

 perfect list of the faunal constituents is known. Recent writers, with the 

 single exception of Adams, assign to the Red Beds a position distinctly 

 above the Carboniferous. 



The fossil beds in the vicinity of Danville, Vermilion count}^ Illinois, 

 occur in a very limited area surrounded by rocks of the upper Carboniferous. 

 It has been suggested, with considerable reason, that this deposit is the 

 remnant of an old river bar deposited during Permian time between walls of 

 Carboniferous rock. 



The Red Beds of Texas are directly traceable into the Red Beds of the 

 Indian Territoiy to the north, and are identifiable with the deposits that 

 surround the Wichita Mountains and the Arbuckle Hills. These regions 

 have recently been studied by Tafif (126), who calls the Red Beds of the 

 Arbuckle Hills " Permian (?)," and also calls them "Rocks of very late 

 Pennsylvanian or early Permian age," which have been deposited across 

 the western end of the Arbuckle uplift. "They lie in a nearly flat position 

 across the eroded edges of several thousand feet of the Pennsylvanian, all 

 of the Mississippian, Devonian, Silurian, and a large part of the Ordovician 

 rocks. These older formations were sharply folded and eroded prior to the 

 deposition of the ' Red Beds.' " Concerning the region around the Wichita 



