Conclusions 177 



with the Indians of the Tennessee or Cumberland Valleys. This belief 

 is based on the following observations: Had the Hopewell people 

 come from the south, they would probably have brought with them a 

 knowledge of the construction of stone graves, and as limestone slabs 

 are common in Paint Creek, some of the burials would have been made 

 in these stone coffins. Also, they would have brought with them knowl- 

 edge of southern pottery, which is superior to northern pottery, and is 

 of different form. Further, they would have introduced the southern 

 form of tubular pipe, as well as some of the small clay and stone disks 

 so common in Tennessee and Kentucky. Shell disks or tablets would 

 also have been in evidence. Several of the long, highly-specialized 

 "swords" or flint maces, of which numbers have been discovered in the 

 burial places of Tennessee and Kentucky, would undoubtedly have 

 been present at Hopewell. None of these things were found. The 

 Hopewell pottery is distinctively northern, not southern. In the mounds 

 and graves of Kentucky and Tennessee, we find pipes similar to the 

 Scioto Valley forms and other objects, indicating that some people 

 came in who were familiar with the northern art, or that such art- 

 objects were obtained by exchange. It will be immediately suggested by 

 students that the presence of mica, sharks'-teeth, and ocean shells 

 indicate southern migration or origin. I think not, but, on the contrary, 

 am convinced that these foreign objects came in by exchange or by 

 traders, who travelled considerable distances. 



The reports covering Mills' extensive and important explorations 

 in the State of Ohio clearly indicate that the culture is northern rather 

 than southern; yet, that a great deal of material was brought in from the 

 south. In brief, the Hopewell culture was somewhat affected by a 

 knowledge of the south, whereas the mound groups of the south do 

 not appear to have been influenced by knowledge of the culture of the 

 north. There were more southern objects in northern mounds than 

 northern -made artifacts in southern mounds. 



During September-October, 192 1, and March-April, 1922, I made 

 preliminary inspection of the Cahokia mounds near East St. Louis, 

 Illinois. A number of these tumuli were explored. Fifty-two skeletons 

 and numerous artifacts were recovered during the course of exploration 

 in the mounds, villages-sites, and cemeteries. Researches have not 

 progressed to a sufficient extent to draw definite conclusions, but it 

 appears that Cahokia is the largest group of mounds indicating dominant 

 southern culture north of the Ohio river. That is, at no other point 

 in the north is southern culture so evident. An examination of six or 

 eight of the mounds, two of which were of considerable size, would 



