INTRODUCTION. vii 



cincde, when the lateral lobes are curyed haetwards towards the base of the leaf; 

 pectinate, when the lateral lobes are numerouSj narrow, and regidar, like the teeth of 

 a comb. 



palmate or digitate^ when several diyerge from the same jooint, compared to the 

 fii:igers of the hand. 



ternate, wlien tlircc only start from the same point, in which case the di::^tiiiction 

 between the palmate and pinnate arnuigcment often ceases, or can only be determined 

 by analogy with alhed plants. A leaf with ternate lobes is called MJicL A leaf with 

 three leaflets is sometimes improperly called a ternate leaf: it is the leaflets that are 

 ternate ; the whole leaf is trifollolate. Ternate leaves are leaves growing tlirec together* 



pedate^ when the division is at first ternate, but the two outer branches are 

 forked, the outer ones of each fork again forked, and so on, and all the branches are 

 near together at tlie base, compared vaguely to the foot of a bird. 



42. Leaves witli pinnate^ palmate, pedate, oic^ leaflets, are usually for shortness called 

 pinncde^ palma'e, pedate, etc., leaves. If they are so cut into segments only, they are 

 usually said to he 2yinf/atisecl, pa?mafisect,pedatisect, etc.,aIt]iough tJie distinction be- 

 tween segments and leaflets is often unheeded in descriptions, and cannot indeed ahvays 

 be ascertained. If the leaves are so cut only into lobes, they are said to he pinna tljid^ 

 pahnatifid, pedallful, etc. 



43. The teeth, lobes, segments, or leaflets, may be again toothed, lobed, divided, or 

 compounded. Some leaves are even three or more times divided or compounded. la 

 the latter case they are termed decompound. When twice or thrice pinnate {hipuuiate 

 or triphmate), each primary or secondary division, with the leaflets it comprises, is 

 called aphwa. When the pinna of a leaf or the leaflets of a pinna are in pairs, with- 

 out an odd terminal puma or leaflet, tlie leaf or pinna so divided is said to be ahruptly 

 pinnate; if tliere is an odd terminal pinna or leaflet, the leaf or pinna is tineguaUy 

 pin}iate (imparl pinna turn). 



44. The number of leaves or their parts is expressed adjectively by the following 

 numerals, derived from the Latin :— 



mi'j bi-, tri-, quadrl-, quiiique-, ses-, sepfcm-, octo-, novem-, cicppm-, multi- 

 l-» 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, m«»^- 



preuxcd to a termination, indicating the particidar khul of part refen'ed to. Thus 

 ^fnidentateybidentate, muUidentate, mean one-toothed, two-toothed, many-toothed, 



etc. 



bifida trifid^ multlfid, mean two-lobed, three-lobcd, many-lobed, etc. 

 "ioufoUolate^ hifoiiolafe^ muliifoUolate^ mean having one leaflet, two 



leaflets, etc. 



leaflets, many 



unlfoUaie, bifoliate, mnUifoUate, mean having one leaf, two leaves, many leaves, 

 etc. 



hiternate and tnternate, mean twice or thrice temately divided. 



mijugate, Ujiigate, mtdtijnjate, etc., pinnae or leaflets, mean that they are m one, 

 two, many, etc., pairs {juga). 



45. Leaves or their parts, when fiat, or any other flat organs in plants, are 



linear, when long and narrow, at least four or five times as long as bi-oad, falsely 

 compared to a mathematical line, for a linear leaf has always a perceptible breadth. 



lanceolate, when about tJiree or more times as long as broad, broadest below the 

 middle, and tapering towards the summit, compared to the head of a lance. 



cuneate, when broadest above the middUs and tapering towards the base, compared 

 to a wedge with the point downwards ; when very broadly cuneate and rounded at the 

 top, it is often cvXieA JlabelUform ov fan- shaped, 



spafhulate, when the broad part near the top is short, and the narrow tapermg 

 part long, compared to a spatula or flat hidle. . ^ 



ovate, when scarcely twice as long as broad, and rather broader below the middle, 

 compared to the longitudinal section of an egg ; olovate i? the same fomi, with tae 

 broadest part above the middle. , ,, 



orbicular, oval, oUong, elliptical, rhomloldal, etc., when compared to the coiTe- 



spending mathematical figures. 



transverselg ollong, or ollate, when conspicuously broader than long. 



