INTRODUCTION. xix 



ffLippIj bees with their honey, and the term is frequently to be met with in the older 

 Floras, but is now deservedly going out of use. 



139. When the disk bears tlie petals and stamens, it is frequently adlierentto, and 

 apparently forms part of, the tube of tlie calyx, or it is adherent to, and apparently 

 lorms part of, the ovary, or of both calyx-tube and ovary. Hence the three following 

 important distinctions in the relative insertion of the floral whorls. 



140. Petals, or as it is frequently expressed, flowers, are 



hijpogynoxis ({, e. under the ovary), wlien they or the disk that bears them are en- 

 tirely free both from tlie calyx and ovary. The ovary is then described as free or su* 

 penorj the calyx as free or inferior, the petals as being inserted on the receptacle. 



perifft/nous (r. e. round the ovary), when the dislv bearing the petals is quite free 

 h'om the ovary, but is more or less combined with the base of the calyx-tube. The 

 ovary is then still described as free or svperior^ even though the combined disk aud 

 calyx-tiibe may form a deep cup with the ovary lying in thfc bottom ; the calyx is said 

 to be/ree or inferior, and the petals are described as inserted on tJie calyx, 



epigffnoiis {i. e. upon the ovary), when the disk bearing the petals is combincd"both 

 With the base of the calyx-tube and the base outside of the ovary ; either closing over 

 the ovary so as only to leave a passage for the style, or leaving more or less of the top 

 of the ovary free, but always adhering to it above the level of the iusertion of the lowest 

 ovule (except iu a very few cases where the ovules are absolutely suspended from the 

 top of the cell). In epigynous flowers the ovary is described as adherent or inferior, 

 tJie calyx as adherent or superior, the petals as inserted on or ahove the or^ary. In 

 Borne works, however, most epigynous flowers arc iucliided in theperigynous ones, and 

 a very different meaning is given to the term epiyi/novs (14-1), and there arc a few^ cases 

 where no positive distinction cau be drawn between the epigynous and perigynous 

 flowers, or again betweeii the perigynous and hypogynous flowers. 



141. "When there arc no petals, it is the insertion of the stamens that determines 

 the difference between the hypogynous, perigynous, and epigynous flowers. 



142. When there are both petals and stamens, 



m hypogynous flowers, the petals and stamc:is arc usually free from each other, 



but sometimes thoy are combined at tlte base. In that case, if' the petals are distinct 



irom each other, and tJic stamens arc monadelplious, tlie petals are often said to be 



inserted on or comltned trllh the stamtnaltube ; if the corolla is gamopetalous and the 



etamens distinct from c:tch other, tJtc latter are said to be inserted in the tiile of the 

 corolla. 



m perigynous flowers, the stamens are usually inserted immediately witlun the 

 petals, or alternating with them on the edge oi the disk, but occasionally much lower 

 clown within the disk, or even on- the unenlarged part of the receptacle. 



. ^^ epigjTious flowers, when tlie petals are distinct, the stamens are usually inserted 

 m perigynous flowers ; when the corolla is gamopetalous, the stamens are either free 

 and hypogynous, or combined at the base wiA (inserted in) tlie tube of the ^^^^^\ 



143. When the receptacle is distinctly elongated below the ovary, it is often called 

 g^jnolasis, gynophore, or stalk of the ovary. If the elongation takes place below the 



Btamens or below tlie petals, these stamens or petals are then said to he inserted on the 

 ^^Ik of the ovary, and are occasionally, but falsely, fleacribcd as epigynous, Keally 

 epigynous stamens {i, e. ^^-hen the filaments are combined with the ovary) are very rare, 

 ^i^Iess the rest of the flower is epigynous. , .^ . ,, 



. 144. An epigynous disk is a name given either to the thickened summit of the ovary 

 Jn epigyxious flowers, or very rarely to a real disk or enlargement of the receptacle 



closmg over the ovary. . ^ - ,^ 



145. In the relative position of any two or more parts of the QoM^er, whether m the 

 fiaine or in different whorls, they are 



^nivent, when nearer together at the summit than at the base. 



divergent^ when further apart at the summit than at the base. 



coherent, when united together, but so sli-htly that they can be ^^^T;"'^*^^^^^^^^^^ 

 ^t«e or no laceration ; and one of the two cohering parts (usually the smallest or least 

 ^Portant) is said to be adherent to the other. Grammatieally speaking, these two 

 t^rms convey nearly the same meaning, but require a difllrent form of phrase ; prac 



as m 



a 



