) 



4Ltf 



INTRODUCTION. 



?. 



156. Fruits are generallv divided into succulent {meluding J! esJi^; pulp^, and Juicy 

 fruits) and dry. Thej arc dehisce}^ when tliey opeti at maturity to let out the seeds, 

 indthhcent when they do not open spontaneously but fall off with the seeds. Succu- 

 lent fruits are usually indehiscent. 



157. The principal kinds of succulent fruits are 



the Berrt^^ in wliich the whole substance of the pericarp is fleshy or pulpy, with 



r 





tically however it has been found more convenient to restrict coliesiou to the union of 

 parts of the same whorl, and adJiesion to the union of parts of different whorls. 



connate^ when so closely united that they cannot be separated without laceration. 

 Eacli of tlie two connate parts, and especially that one which is considered the smaller 

 or of the least ini])ortance, is said to be adnate to the other. 



free, when neither colierent nor connate. ^ ^ 



distinct is also used in the same sense, but is also applied to parts distinctly visible % 



or distinctly limited. 



§ 13. The Fruit. 



146. Tlie Fruit (15) consists of the ovary and whatever other parts of the flower ai'e 

 persistent {i.e. persist at the time tlie seed is ripe), usually enlarged, and uiore or less 

 altered in shape and consistence. It encloses or covers the seed or seeds till the period 

 of maturity, when it either opens for the seed to escape, or falls to the ground with the 

 seed. When stalked, its stalk has been termed a carpophore. 



147. Fruits are, in elementary works, said to be simple -^vhcn the result of a single 

 ilower, compound when they proceed from several flowers closely packed or combined 

 in a head. Eut as a fruit resulting from a single flower, with several distinct carpels, 

 is compoimcl in the sense in which that term is apphed to the ovary, the terms siaqle 

 and ar/f/ref/ate, proposed for the fruit resulting from one or several flowers, may be more 

 appropriately adopted. In descriptive botany a fruit is always supposed to result from 

 a single flower unless the contrary be stated. It may, like the pistil, be syncarpous 

 or apocarpous (1-5) ; and as in many cases carpels united in the flower may become 

 separate as they ripen, an apocarpous fruit may result from a syncarpous pistil, 



lis. The involucre or bracts often persist and form part of aggregate fruits, but very 

 seldom so in single ones. 



149. Tlic receptacle becomes occasionally enlarged and succulent ; if when ripe It 

 falls off with the fruit, it is considered as forming part of it. 



15Q. The adherent part of the calyx of epigynous flowers always persists and forms 

 part of the fruit ; the free part of the calyx of epigynous flowers or the calyx of perigy- 

 nous (lowers, either persists entirely at the top of or round the fruit, or the lobes alone 

 fall ofl', or the lobes fall off with whatever part of the calyx is above the insertion of 

 the petals, or the whole of what is free from the ovary falls off*, including the disk bear- 

 ing the petals. The calyx of iiypogynous flov.'ers usually falls off entirely or per^Ist3 

 entirely. In general a calyx is called deciduous if any part falls off. When it persists 

 it is either enlarged round or under the fruit, or it withers and dries up. 



151. The corolla usually falls off entirely ; when it persists it is usually withered 

 and dry (marcescent) ^ or very seldom enlarges round the fruit. 



152. The stamens either full off, or more or less of their filaments persists, usually 



withered and dry. 



153. The style sometimes Mis off or*dries up and disappears ; sometimes persist 



forming a pomt to the fruit, or becomes enlarged into a wing or other appendage to 

 the fruit. 



154. The Pericarp is the portion of the fi-uit formed of the ovary, and whatever ad- 

 heres to it exclusive of and outside of the seed or fiords, exclusive also of the persistent 



receptacle, or of whatever portion of the calyx persists round the ovary without adhe- 

 ring to it. 



155. Fruits have often external appendages called ivlnf/s (ahe), heaJcSy cresfs^ airns^ 

 etc., according to their appearance. They are either formed by persistent parts of the 

 flower more or less altered, or grow out of the ovary or the persistent part of the 

 calyx. If the appendage be a ring of hairs or scales ^^ound the top of the fruit, it is 

 called a pappus. 



