R. W. DOTY AND C. GIURGEA I45 



produced only four leg lifts that could equivocally be called CRs, yet the 

 current for this suprasylvian CS has been kept high enough that head 

 movements initially seen to this stimulation still occurred frequently. 



Ten-channel EEG records taken for each trial in this cat have not 

 yielded much new information. Conhrming Giurgea and Raiciulcscu 

 (1959) there is rarely any electrical abnormality even in the immediate 

 vicinity of the electrodes following either CS or US. No changes char- 

 acteristic of the conditioned state could be detected and it could not be 

 predicted from the electrical record whether a CR would or would not 

 occur. The CS in middle or posterior ectosylvian gyrus usually produced 

 immediate electrocortical arousal whereas slower patterns frequently 

 persisted through most of the middle suprasylvian CS. The arousal 

 produced by CS and US, however, was minimal since 8-i2/sec. rhythms 

 returned often within 1-2 seconds after stimulus cessation. 



INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 



There can be no question that conditioned reflexes can be established 

 with cortical stimulation as US. To the thirty dogs successfully contiitioned 

 in this manner in the laboratory in Bucharest and the cats observed by 

 Nikolayeva (1957) can be added the animals of this study extending the 

 phenomenon to the monkey and to a wide variety of cortical electrode 

 placements. The vagaries in the appearance of this phenomenon un- 

 doubtedly arise not only from its complexity but from ignorance of its 

 nature and the procedures most favourable for its induction. Such 

 problems are not unknown in the study of more usual types of condi- 

 tioning. 



With equal assurance one can state that, in the usual sense of the word, 

 there is no motivation involved in the formation of CRs by coupling 

 cortical stimulations. The animals tested so fir have remained entirely 

 insouciant to self-administered cortical stimulation of near convulsive 

 strength inducing violent movement, yet were profoundly inhibited by 

 moderate and innocuous auditory stimuli. There is little reason to expect 

 the cortical stimulation might be rewarding, and there was nothing in our 

 observations to suggest this. On the other hand where motivational factors 

 were expected as with the possible meningeal involvement {Doi^ Epsiloii) 

 or in the held of Forel {Doi^ Gamma), the method readily conhrmed this 

 impression. It is of some interest that in Dcn^ Gamma the presence of this 

 aversive factor did not preclude some form of motor conditioning. 



Besides the direct evidence gained from coupling the cortical CS and 



