VII 



Some Human Implications 



WHILE WE have been engaged in trying to assay 

 the relative importance of the principle of co-opera- 

 tion among animals, we have given most of our time 

 and attention to its manifestation among animals 

 considered to be asocial or only partially social. In 

 such animals it is an unconscious kind of mutualism, 

 but its roots are deep and well established and its 

 expression grows to be so spontaneous and normal 

 that we are likely to overlook or forget it in the more 

 striking exhibition of social co-operation among 

 higher animals. Conscious co-operation is so com- 

 paratively new in an animal world many millions 

 of years old, that we may underrate its strength and 

 importance if we are not reminded of its foundations 

 in simple physiology and primitive instinct. 



When we attempt to apply to human behavior the 

 same methods of analysis that we have used through- 

 out toward other animal groups, we reach most in- 

 teresting results when we select some phase of reac- 

 tions of men in which integration has not developed 



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