SECONDARY COMMUNITIES 



13 



heddeb hei cd efg cbe mi 

 e mefg nm be de fg fgbn 

 ghi be co dp eqfr gohifb 

 bdcviwhxgyfzembndoc e ih 

 efgxny uinh fgbhjnk nsfg 

 ghia dftghtyb hfj tkibhc 

 sdftunmgkiuoht hyfgtrdcg 

 dfgythufbnjks vdg fhtgry 

 hfgt fhgty sdswaq nfhjdl 

 ghtyuwiokp fbndhutbs gtu 

 vdfxzabjfmua fgh yfs j i 

 edfgrthfinbghb fgvnzxvcb 

 erffghtjk vbxzzasxscdfge 

 thigjszxlkm, j hytfsdtrfb 



Diagram i. — Showing the arrange- 

 ment of plants and animals on a plot of 

 ground under primeval conditions. The 

 letters are fortuitously chosen to rep- 

 resent the fortuitous arrangement of 

 plants and accordingly the animals as- 

 sociated with them. Thus m, n, x, and 

 z may be taken to represent oak, maple, 

 basswood, and cherry, respectively, and 

 the animals associated with each. The 

 other letters may be taken to represent 

 herbs and shrubs and the animals asso- 

 ciated with them. 



edbeddgjcdbgdcgdcbedcdgebc 

 f eceiejfadfeedefadfcecdede 

 cbaaaaaaaaaaaaaacb 

 edaaaaaaaaaaaaaaed 

 fg aaaaaaaaaaaaaa fg 

 dcaaaaaaaaaaaaaadc 

 eb aaaaaaaaaaaaaa eb 

 dg aaaaaaaaaaaaaa dg 

 fd aaaaaaaaaaaaaa fd 

 dc aaaaaaaaaaaaaa dc 

 ie aaaaaaaaaaaaaa ie 

 eg aaaaaaaaaaaaaa eg 

 fci bedfg beg bdg ded jef gdj fc 

 cgj cde fdedfdfebfcg 



Diagram 2. — Showing the arrange- 

 ment under agricultural conditions. 

 Here the plants which are put out in 

 rows are represented by a's arranged in 

 rows. There are certain animals asso- 

 ciated with such plants and the a's rep- 

 resent these also. Land is not usually 

 cultivated close to the fences and thus 

 each field is surrounded by a border of 

 original shrubs, herbs, and sprouts from 

 the original trees. These and the ani- 

 mals associated with them are still for- 

 tuitously arranged. 



3. THE DECLINE OF PRIMEVAL COMMUNITIES AT THE HEAD OF 

 LAKE MICHIGAN 



By Mabel Brown Shelford 

 When the white man first appeared near Chicago no secondary 

 community existed, as the aborigines lived almost entirely by hunting 

 and fishing. They cultivated the land only a little, and are accordingly 

 to be ranked with the larger animals as a part of the original communities. 

 The Indians of this region were chiefly Potawatomi, although there 

 were a few Chippewas and Ottawas (14, 15). Early in 1833 (15) about 

 5,000 assembled in Chicago to treat for the sale of their entire remaining 

 possessions in Illinois and Wisconsin. A treaty was finally ratified and 

 in 1835-36 (14, 15) they left the region forever. They settled in Iowa 

 for a time, but the advancing tide of civilization drove them 

 farther and farther west. In 1890 (16) the larger part of the Pota- 

 watomi, about 950, occupied land in Kansas and Oklahoma. The region 

 about Chicago was particularly adapted to the life of the Indians, and 

 it was probably an important region for them, as well as their successors. 

 The innumerable water courses and ponds afforded an abundance of 



