220 DRY AND MESOPHYTIC FOREST COMMUNITIES 



found, while the digger-wasps and robber-flies of the beach farther back 

 come here for flies and other prey. The spotted sandpiper picks 

 maggots from the bodies of dead fishes. Mr. I. B. Myers states that 

 skunks visit the beach in the night and feed upon the drift. 



2. MIDDLE BEACH ASSOCIATION 



(Stations 57, 58, 716) (Fig. 175) 



The belt within the reach of ordinary waves is usually wet. The 

 belt a little higher up, farther from the shore, is characterized by more 

 permanent residents. From the often wet margin to the first cotton- 

 woods is the middle beach (Fig. 175). 



This middle beach is usually dry in summer but is reached by the 

 waves of severe storms and often covered by snow and ice to great 

 depths during the winter. It is the final lodging-place for the driftwood 

 which stops temporarily farther out. This belt arises in the place of 

 the preceding through the latter being buried by the deposition of 

 sand. In digging into the sand here or elsewhere one usually encounters 

 wood and other traces of organic matter. 



. a) Subterranean-ground stratum. — In the lower places where the 

 ground is usually moist, we find the larvae of Cicindela hirticollis (170) 

 which live in straight cylindrical vertical burrows about 6 in. deep. On 

 higher ground, where there is the beginning of the incipient dunes, are 

 the occasional larvae of the white tiger-beetle {Cicindela lepida) and the 

 burrowing spider (Geolycosa pikei), which has a burrow similar to the 

 tiger-beetles, but larger, and always distinguished by the presence of a 

 tubular web at the entrance. Burrowing beneath the sand is the white 

 carabid (Geopinus incrassatusDe].) and termites or white ants. The latter 



Inhabitants of the Middle Beach 



Fig. 175. — General view showing the line of cottonwoods and the scattered 

 driftwood. 



Fig. 176. — The larva of one of the cabbage butterflies {Pieris protodice Bd.); 

 found on sea rocket; much enlarged. 



Fig. 177. — Pupa of the same. 



Fig. 178. — A log on the beach; favorite habitat of the termites {Termesflavipes). 



Fig. 179. — Termites; a, queen; b, nymph of young female; c, worker; d, soldier 

 twice natural size (after Howard and Marlatt, Bidl. 4, Div. EnL, U.S. D. Agr). 



Fig. 180. — The older cottonwoods of the cottonwood belt. 



Fig. 181.— The adult white tiger-beetle {Cicindela lepida); twice natural size. 



Fig. 182.— The burrow of the larva of the white tiger-beetle. 



